Fig. 1
Phylogenetic relationships of Doradidae, according to the hypotheses of (a) Higuchi (1992)Higuchi, H. 1992. A phylogeny of the South American thorny catfishes (Osteichthyes; Siluriformes; Doradidae). Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, Boston, 372p., and (b) Moyer et al. (2004)Moyer, G., B. M. Burr & C. Krajewski. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships of thorny catfishes (Siluriformes: Doradidae) inferred from molecular and morphological data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 140: 551-575..
Fig. 2
Phylogenetic relationships of Auchenipteridae, according to the hypotheses of (a) Britski (1972)Britski, H. A. 1972. Sistemática e evolução dos Auchenipteridae e Ageneiosidae (Teleostei, Siluriformes). Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 142p., (b) Ferraris (1988)Ferraris Jr., C. J. 1988. The Auchenipteridae: putative monophyly and systematics, with classification of the Neotropical Doradoid catfishes (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes). Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, City University of New York, New York, 229p., and (c) Curran (1989)Curran, D. J. 1989. Phylogenetic relationships among the catfish genera of the family Auchenipteridae (Teleostei: Siluroidea). Copeia, 1989: 408-419..
Fig. 3
(a) Acanthodoras cataphractus, MZUSP 103284, 76.6 mm SL, rio Jari, Monte Dourado, Pará, photographed live; (b) Platydoras armatulus, MZUSP 92759, approximately 55 mm SL, rio Amazonas, Santarém, Pará, photographed live by Leandro Sousa; (c) Orinocodoras eigenmanni, MZUSP 86807, 123 mm SL, río Apure, Arismendi, Venezuela; (d) Doras zuanoni, INPA uncatalogued, approximately 110 mm SL, rio Araguaia basin, photographed live by Jansen Zuanon.
Fig. 4
(a) Nemadoras humeralis, INPA uncatalogued, rio Solimões, Manaus, Amazonas, photographed live by Leandro Sousa; (b) Tenellus ternetzi, MZUSP 103245, 84.5 mm SL, rio Jari, Monte Dourado, Pará, photographed live; (c) Leptodoras marki, MZUSP 103217, 80.3 mm SL, rio Fresco, São Felix do Xingu, Pará, photographed live; (d) Orinocodoras eigenmanni, MZUSP 86807, 123 mm SL, río Apure, Arismendi, Venezuela.
Fig. 5
Head, in lateral view, of (a) Ossancora asterophysa, MZUSP 92783, approximately 60 mm SL, photographed live by Leandro Sousa; (b) Trachydoras brevis, MZUSP 103087, approximately 70 mm SL, photographed live; (c) Hassar orestis, MZUSP 103327, 104 mm SL, photographed live.
Fig. 6
Mouth, in ventral view, of (a) Rhinodoras dorbignyi, MCP 12419, 160.8 mm SL; (b) Tenellus trimaculatus, MZUSP 93421, 107.3 mm SL; (c) Leptodoras hasemani, MZUSP 37009, 133.7 mm SL; (d) Auchenipterus nuchalis, MZUSP 89728, 139.6 mm SL.
Fig. 7
Head, in lateral view, of Centromochlus heckelii, MZUSP 104793, 100 mm SL, photographed live; arrow indicates suborbital groove.
Fig. 8
SEM images of the unculiferous tubercles in (a) Rhinodoras dorbignyi, MZUSP 62688, 102 mm SL; and (b) Leptodoras myersi, MZUSP 56676, 118 mm SL. Scale bars equal 20 ìm. Unculiferous tubercles are present and well developed in mature males of some species of the Auchenipteridae, these are, however, nuptial and treated in distinct characters.
Fig. 9
Posterior cleithral process in Doras micropoeus, ANSP 177880, 274 mm SL, photo by Mark Sabaj Pérez. Scale bar equals 10 mm.
Fig. 10
Ventral body in (a) Doras higuchii, INPA 45052, 153 mm SL; (b) Doras zuanoni, INPA 5244, 124 mm SL; and (c) Doras phlyzakion, ANSP 181055, 169 mm SL, photos by Mark Sabaj Pérez.
Fig. 11
Anterior portion of head and body in (a) Ageneiosus inermis, MZUSP 91661, 320 mm SL. Gas bladder in ventral (b,d) and dorsal (c,e) of (b,c) Ageneiosus inermis, MZUSP 9384, 77 mm SL; (d,e) Rhynchodoras woodsi, ANSP 181042, 72.5 mm SL. Ventral view of body cavity of (f) Leptodoras cataniai, INHS 39814, 111.1 mm SL. Scale bars equal 5 mm. Photos (d,e,f) by Mark Sabaj Pérez.
Fig. 12
Schematic drawing of the posterior portion of the gas bladder showing (a) terminal diverticula distally divergent, and (b) terminal diverticula medially united. Modified from Birindelli et al. (2009: fig. 2).
Fig. 13
Schematic drawing of the posterior portion of the gas bladder showing (a) secondary chamber formed by both posterior chambers, and (b) secondary chamber formed by a single posterior chamber. Modified from Birindelli et al. (2009: fig. 2).
Fig. 14
Gas bladders in ventral view of (a) Agamyxis pectinifrons, MZUSP 27806, 83.3 mm SL; (b) Doras higuchii, ANSP 181057, 160 mm SL; (c) Trachycorystes trachycorystes, MZUSP 99308, 180 mm SL; (d) Tocantinsia piresi, MZUSP 98301, 264 mm SL; and (e) Pterodoras granulosus, MZUSP 91441, 202.0 mm SL. Scale bars equal 10 mm. Photo (b) by Mark Sabaj Pérez.
Fig. 15
Schematic drawing of gas bladders in ventral view, showing T-shaped septum, lateral diverticula, trabeculae (a), and secondary chamber (a). Modified from Birindelli et al. (2009: fig. 2).
Fig. 16
Gas bladder in ventral view of (a) Asterophysus batrachus, MZUSP 12420, 129.7 mm SL; (b) Nemadoras hemipeltis, MZUSP 56688, 81.8 mm SL; (c) Nemadoras humeralis, MZUSP 56014, 103.8 mm SL; (d) Nemadoras elongatus, MZUSP 56013, 99.2 mm SL. Scale bars equal 5 mm.
Fig. 17
Testes in ventral view of (a) Wertheimeria maculata, MZUSP 93658, 173 mm SL; (b) Acanthodoras cataphractus, MZUSP 6831, 116 mm SL; (c) Hemidoras morei, MZUSP 31104, 166 mm SL; (d) Trachelyopterus galeatus, MZUSP 90742, 154 mm SL; (e) Ageneiosus ucayalensis, MZUSP 98333, 165 mm SL. Scale bars equal 5 mm.
Fig. 18
Anal fin in lateral view of mature (a-b,d-f) or maturing (c) males of (a) Glanidium melanopterum, MZUSP 64256, 105 mm SL; (b) Epapterus dispilurus, MZUSP 26183, 107 mm SL; (c) Asterophysus batrachus, MZUSP 12420, 129.7 mm SL; (d) Pseudauchenipterus jequitinhonhae, MZUSP 51734, 100.9 mm SL; (e) Trachelyopterus galeatus, MZUSP 79345, 106.3 mm SL; (f) Trachelyopterus sp., MZUSP 79345, 106.3 mm SL. Arrows indicate urogenital opening.
Fig. 19
Anal and urogenital opening in ventral view of females of (a) Franciscodoras marmoratus, MZUSP 95398, 190 mm SL; (b) Centromochlus heckelii, MZUSP 104793, 106 mm SL; (c) Tatia intermedia, MZUSP 104786, 102 mm SL; (d) Pseudauchenipterus affinis, MZUSP 93092, 112 mm SL; (e) Trachelyopterichthys taeniatus, MZUSP 8496, 113 mm SL; (f) Tetranematichthys wallacei, MZUSP 85497, 191 mm SL. Black arrows indicate anal opening, white arrows indicate urogenital opening. The mesethmoid is shaped as an arrow, medially dilated in all species of Anduzedoras, Doras, Hassar, Hemidoras, Leptodoras, Nemadoras, Ossancora, Oxydoras, Tenellus, and Trachydoras (Fig. 25-27; Higuchi, 1992Higuchi, H. 1992. A phylogeny of the South American thorny catfishes (Osteichthyes; Siluriformes; Doradidae). Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, Boston, 372p.: #11).
Fig. 20
Skeleton of head and anterior portion of body in Ictalurus punctatus, MZUSP 103256, 155 mm SL, in dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views. AA anguloarticular, acf anterior cranial fontanel, ANP anterior nuchal plate, CLE cleithrum, DEN dentary, EPO epiotic, EXS extrascapular, FRO frontal, HYO hyomandibula, IO infraorbital, IOP interopercle, LE lateral ethmoid, MAX maxilla, MES mesethmoid, MET metapterygoid, MNP middle nuchal plate, NAS nasal, OPE opercle, PAL autopalatine, pcf posterior cranial fontanel, PNP posterior nuchal plate, POP preopercle, PTO pterotic, QUA quadrate, SCL posttemporal-supracleithrum, SOC parietal-supraoccipital, SPH sphenotic.
Fig. 21
Head and anterior portion of body in Wertheimeria maculata, MZUSP 93659, 217 mm SL, in dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views. AA anguloarticular, acf anterior cranial fontanel, ANP anterior nuchal plate, CLE cleithrum, COR coracoid, DEN dentary, ENT entopterygoid, EPO epiotic, FRO frontal, HYO hyomandibula, INS infranuchal scute, IO infraorbital, IOP interopercle, LE lateral ethmoid, MAX maxilla, MES mesethmoid, MET metapterygoid, MNP middle nuchal plate, Mr Müllerian ramus, MS (postinfranuchal) midlateral scutes, NAS nasal, OPE opercle, PAL autopalatine, PNP posterior nuchal plate, POP preopercle, PTO pterotic, QUA quadrate, SCL posttemporal-supracleithrum, SOC parietal-supraoccipital, SPH sphenotic, TS tympanic scutes.
Fig. 22
Head and anterior portion of body in Platydoras armatulus, MZUSP 91686, 151.7 mm SL, in dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views. AA anguloarticular, acf anterior cranial fontanel, ANP anterior nuchal plate, BR branchiostegal rays, CLE cleithrum, COR coracoid, DEN dentary, ENT entopterygoid, EPO epiotic, FRO frontal, INS infranuchal scute, IO infraorbital, IOP interopercle, LE lateral ethmoid, MAX maxilla, MES mesethmoid, MNP middle nuchal plate, Mr Müllerian ramus, MS (postinfranuchal) midlateral scutes, NAS nasal, OPE opercle, PAL autopalatine, pEPO epiotic process, PNP posterior nuchal plate, PTO pterotic, QUA quadrate, SCL posttemporal-supracleithrum, SOC parietal-supraoccipital, SPH sphenotic, TS tympanic scutes.
Fig. 23
Head and anterior portion of body in Pterodoras granulosus, MZUSP 91665, 410 mm SL, in dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views. acf anterior cranial fontanel, ANP anterior nuchal plate, CLE cleithrum, COR coracoid, DEN dentary, ENT entopterygoid, EPO epiotic, FRO frontal, HYO hyomandibula, INS infranuchal scute, IO infraorbital, IOP interopercle, LE lateral ethmoid, MAX maxilla, MES mesethmoid, MNP middle nuchal plate, Mr Müllerian ramus, MS (postinfranuchal) midlateral scutes, OPE opercle, pEPO epiotic process, PMA premaxilla, PNP posterior nuchal plate, POP preopercle, PTO pterotic, QUA quadrate, SCL posttemporal-supracleithrum, SOC parietal-supraoccipital, SPH sphenotic.
Fig. 24
Head and anterior portion of body in Orinocodoras eigenmanni, FMNH 105276, 193 mm SL, in dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views. AA anguloarticular, acf anterior cranial fontanel, ANP anterior nuchal plate, BR branchiostegal rays, CLE cleithrum, COR coracoid, DEN dentary, EPO epiotic, FRO frontal, HYO hyomandibula, INS infranuchal scute, IO infraorbital, IOP interopercle, LE lateral ethmoid, MAX maxilla, MES mesethmoid, MET metapterygoid, MNP middle nuchal plate, Mr Müllerian ramus, OPE opercle, PAL autopalatine, pEPO epiotic process, PMA premaxilla, PNP posterior nuchal plate, POP preopercle, PTO pterotic, QUA quadrate, SCL posttemporal-supracleithrum, SOC parietal-supraoccipital, SPH sphenotic, TS tympanic scutes. The mesethmoid is relatively elongate, with length greater than three times its width, in the doradids Anduzedoras, Doras, Hassar, Hemidoras, Leptodoras, Nemadoras, and Tenellus (Fig. 27; Higuchi, 1992Higuchi, H. 1992. A phylogeny of the South American thorny catfishes (Osteichthyes; Siluriformes; Doradidae). Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, Boston, 372p.: #13). The mesethmoid is relatively short, length less than three times its width, in all other examined species (Figs. 20-26, 28-31).
Fig. 25
Head and anterior portion of body in Oxydoras niger, MZUSP 91654, 555 mm SL, in dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views. AA anguloarticular, acf anterior cranial fontanel, ANP anterior nuchal plate, BR branchiostegal rays, bn bony nodule, CLE cleithrum, COR coracoid, DEN dentary, ENT entopterygoid, EPO epiotic, FRO frontal, HYO hyomandibula, IO infraorbital, IOP interopercle, LE lateral ethmoid, MAX maxilla, MES mesethmoid, MET metapterygoid, MNP middle nuchal plate, Mr Müllerian ramus, NAS nasal, no bony nodule, OPE opercle, PAL autopalatine, pcf posterior cranial fontanel, PMA premaxilla, PNP posterior nuchal plate, POP preopercle, PTO pterotic, QUA quadrate, SCL posttemporal-supracleithrum, SOC parietal-supraoccipital, SPH sphenotic, TS tympanic scutes.
Fig. 26
Head and anterior portion of body in Trachydoras brevis, MZUSP 103087, 75 mm SL, in dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views. AA anguloarticular, acf anterior cranial fontanel, ANP anterior nuchal plate, CLE cleithrum, COR coracoid, DEN dentary, ENT entopterygoid, EPO epiotic, FRO frontal, INS infranuchal scute, IO infraorbital, IOP interopercle, LE lateral ethmoid, MAX maxilla, MES mesethmoid, MET metapterygoid, MNP middle nuchal plate, Mr Müllerian ramus, NAS nasal, OPE opercle, PAL autopalatine, pcf posterior cranial fontanel, pEPO epiotic process, PNP posterior nuchal plate, POP preopercle, PTO pterotic, QUA quadrate, SCL posttemporal-supracleithrum, SOC parietal-supraoccipital, SPH sphenotic.
Fig. 27
Head and anterior portion of body in Tenellus ternetzi, MZUSP 103246, 94 mm SL, in dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views. Trachelyopterichthys, Trachycorystes, and Spinipterus (latter based on Akama & Ferraris, 2011: fig. 3), the anterior portion of the mesethmoid is covered by a thick layer of skin and distinct from the posterior region, which is covered by a thin layer of skin (Fig. 29; Higuchi, 1992Higuchi, H. 1992. A phylogeny of the South American thorny catfishes (Osteichthyes; Siluriformes; Doradidae). Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, Boston, 372p.: #12).
Fig. 28
Head and anterior portion of body in Glanidium melanopterum, MZUSP 64256, 112 mm SL, in dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views. AA anguloarticular, acf anterior cranial fontanel, ANP anterior nuchal plate, CLE cleithrum, COR coracoid, DEN dentary, EPO epiotic, FRO frontal, HYO hyomandibula, IO infraorbital, IOP interopercle, LE lateral ethmoid, MAX maxilla, MES mesethmoid, MET metapterygoid, MNP middle nuchal plate, PAL autopalatine, PMA premaxilla, PNP posterior nuchal plate, POP preopercle, PTO pterotic, QUA quadrate, SCL posttemporal-supracleithrum, SOC parietal-supraoccipital, SPH sphenotic. Furthermore, in the doradid Trachydoras this keel is developed into a distinct ventral process (Fig. 32b).
Fig. 29
Head and anterior portion of body in Trachycorystes trachycorytes, MZUSP 104547, 180 mm SL, in dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views. AA anguloarticular, acf anterior cranial fontanel, ANP anterior nuchal plate, BR branchiostegal rays, CLE cleithrum, COR coracoid, DEN dentary, EPO epiotic, FRO frontal, HYO hyomandibula, IO infraorbital, IOP interopercle, LE lateral ethmoid, MAX maxilla, MES mesethmoid, MET metapterygoid, MNP middle nuchal plate, Mr Müllerian ramus, NAS nasal, OPE opercle, pEPO epiotic process, PNP posterior nuchal plate, POP preopercle, PTO pterotic, QUA quadrate, SCL posttemporal-supracleithrum, SOC parietal-supraoccipital, SPH sphenotic.
Fig. 30
Head and anterior portion of body in Auchenipterus nuchalis, MZUSP 97375, 120 mm SL, in dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views. acf anterior cranial fontanel, ANP anterior nuchal plate, CLE cleithrum, EPO epiotic, FRO frontal, HYO hyomandibula, IO infraorbital, LE lateral ethmoid, MAX maxilla, MES mesethmoid, MET metapterygoid, MNP middle nuchal plate, Mr Müllerian ramus, NAS nasal, OPE opercle, pcf posterior cranial fontanel, pEPO epiotic process, PNP posterior nuchal plate, PTO pterotic, QUA quadrate, SCL posttemporal-supracleithrum, SOC parietal-supraoccipital, SPH sphenotic.
Fig. 31
Head and anterior portion of body in Ageneiosus inermis, MZUSP 91661, 320 mm SL, in dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views. acf anterior cranial fontanel, BR branchiostegal rays, CLE cleithrum, DEN dentary, EPO epiotic, FRO frontal, HYO hyomandibula, IO infraorbital, LE lateral ethmoid, MAX maxilla, MES mesethmoid, MET metapterygoid, MNP middle nuchal plate, NAS nasal, OPE opercle, PAL autopalatine, pEPO epiotic process, PMA premaxilla, PNP posterior nuchal plate, POP preopercle, PTO pterotic, QUA quadrate, SCL posttemporal-supracleithrum, SOC parietal-supraoccipital, SPH sphenotic. These conflicting observations may be due to the different sizes of the specimens examined. This character is coded as missing data for Gelanoglanis, considering that the anterior cranial fontanel is absent in adults.
Fig. 32
Anterior portion of head in ventrolateral view of (a) Oxydoras niger, MZUSP 91654, 555.0 mm SL; (b) Trachydoras brevis, MZUSP 103087, 74 mm SL. Arrows indicate anteroventral keel of mesethmoid. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
Fig. 33
Head in ventral view of (a) Wertheimeria maculata, MZUSP 93659, 270 mm SL; (b) Doras higuchii, MZUSP 101693, 172 mm SL. BOC basioccipital, ENT entopterygoid, EPO epiotic, EXO exoccipital, FRO frontal, HYO hyomandibula, IO infraorbital, LE lateral ethmoid, OBS orbitosphenoid, MET metapterygoid, OPE opercle, PAL autopalatine, PMA premaxilla, POP preopercle, PRO prootic, PSP parasphenoid, PTS pterosphenoid, QUA quadrate, SCL posttemporal-supracleithrum, SPH sphenotic, v1 vertebra 1, VOM vomer.
Fig. 34
Pectoral girdle, posterior portion of cranium and anterior vertebra in posteroventral view of (a) Pterodoras rivasi, MZUSP 105825, 350 mm SL; (b) Oxydoras sifontesi, MZUSP 105824, 413 mm SL; (c) Hassar orestis, MZUSP 32542, 220 mm SL; (d) Trachydoras brevis, MZUSP 103087, 74.0 mm SL. BOC basioccipital, bn bony nodule, COR coracoid, CV complex vertebra, Mr Müllerian ramus, TP transcapular process. Scale bars equal 10 mm. This character was coded as missing data for the auchenipterid Spinipterus.
Fig. 35 (next page)
Anterior vertebrae in lateral (left) and ventral (right) views of (a,b) Ictalurus punctatus, MZUSP 103245, 155 mm SL; (c,d) Genidens genidens, MZUSP 5693, 250 mm SL; (e,f) Synodontis schall, ANSP 78057, unmeasured; (g,h) Wertheimeria maculata, MZUSP 93658, 220 mm SL. ANP anterior nuchal plate, BOC basioccipital, CV complex vertebra, EPO epiotic, EXO exoccipital, INS infranuchal scute, MNP middle nuchal plate, NScv neural spine of complex vertebra, pEPO epiotic process, PNP posterior nuchal plate, Pv4 parapophysis of fourth vertebra, Pv5 parapophysis of fifth vertebra, OS os suspensorium, SCL posttemporal-supracleithrum, SOC parietal-supraoccipital, TP transcapular process, TRI tripus, v6-8 vertebrae 6-8. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
Fig. 36
Anterior vertebrae in ventral view of (a) Ageneiosus inermis, MZUSP 91661, 320 mm SL; (b) Rhinodoras dorbignyi, MZUSP 40109, 196 mm SL; (c) Leptodoras juruensis, MZUSP 104532, 227 mm SL; (d) Tocantinsia piresi, MZUSP 100031, 430 mm SL. bc bony capsule, BOC basioccipital, CV complex vertebra, GB gas bladder, Pv5 parapophysis of fifth vertebra, Mr Müllerian ramus, TP transcapular process, TRI tripus, v1-8 vertebrae 1-8. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
Fig. 37
Snout in lateral view of (a) Doras phlyzakion, MZUSP 82294, 165 mm SL; (b) Doras higuchii, MZUSP 96334, 185 mm SL. Infraorbitals outlined. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
Fig. 38
Gelanoglanis cf. stroudi (a), MZUSP 96032, 26.2 mm SL, rio Teles Pires, Itaituba, Mato Grosso; (b) Centromochlus heckelii, MZUSP 104793, approximately 100 mm SL, rio Jari, Monte Dourado, Pará, photographed live; (c) Pseudepapterus hasemani, MZUSP 104772, 115.2 mm SL, rio Jari, Monte Dourado, Pará, photographed live; (d) Auchenipterichthys longimanus, INPA uncatalogued, approximately 80 mm SL, rio Tapajós, Itaituba, Pará, photographed live.
Fig. 39
Midlateral scutes of the anterior portion of body in lateral view (original orientation preserved) of (a) Wertheimeria maculata, MZUSP 93659, 192 mm SL; (b) Centrochir crocodili, MZUSP 15087, 150.8 mm SL; (c) Platydoras armatulus, MZUSP 91686, 151.7 mm SL; (d) Orinocodoras eigenmanni, FMNH 105276, 193 mm SL; (e) Oxydoras niger, MZUSP 91858, 313 mm SL; (f) Doras phlyzakion, MZUSP 82294, 162 mm SL. Scale bars equals 5 mm.
Fig. 40
Head in lateral view of a cleared and stained specimen of Rhynchodoras woodsi, ANSP 181042, 87 mm SL. Photo by Leandro Sousa.
Fig. 41
Premaxilla in anterior (a,c) and ventral (b,d) views of (a,b) Pterodoras granulosus, MZUSP 91655, 410 mm SL; (c,d) Doras higuchii, MZUSP 101693, 172 mm SL. Scale bars equal 5 mm.
Fig. 42
Head and anterior portion of body in lateral view of mature males of (a) Ageneiosus ucayalensis, MZUSP104791, 171 mm SL (snout in detail, showing maxilla with spines); (b) Auchenipterus osteomystax, MZUSP 103352, 133 mm SL. Both collected at rio Jari, Monte Dourado, Pará, photographed live.
Fig. 43
Lower jaw in medial view of (a) Wertheimeria maculata, MZUSP 93659, 217 mm SL; (b) Liosomadoras oncinus, MZUSP 105828, 110 mm SL. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
Fig. 44
Suspensorium in lateral (a-c,g-i) and medial (d-f,j-l) views of (a,d) Glanidium melanopterum, MZUSP 64256, 112 mm SL; (b,e) Trachycorystes trachycorystes, MZUSP 91659, 200 mm SL; (c,f) Auchenipterus nuchalis, MZUSP 97375, 117 mm SL; (g,j) Wertheimeria maculata, MZUSP 93659, 217 mm SL; (h,k) Rhinodoras dorbignyi, MZUSP 40109, 196 mm SL; (i,l) Oxydoras niger, MZUSP 91654, 550 mm SL. AA anguloarticular, CME coronomeckelian bone, DEN dentary, ENT entopterygoid, HYO hyomandibula, IOP interopercle, MET metapterygoid, OPE opercle, POP preopercle, QUA quadrate, SUP subpreopercle. White arrow indicates hyomandibular crest for attachment of muscle levator arcus palatini, black arrow indicates hyomandibular crest for section Aw of muscle adductor mandibulae. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
Fig. 45
Urohyal in ventral (a,c) and dorsal (b,d) views of (a,b) Ictalurus punctatus, MZUSP 103256, 155 mm SL; (c,d) Kalyptodoras bahiensis, MZUSP 87841, 233 mm SL. Scale bars equal 5 mm.
Fig. 46
Hyoid arch in dorsal view of Ageneiosus inermis, MZUSP 91661, 320 mm SL. AC anterior ceratobranchial, BR branchiostegal rays, DH dorsal hypohyal, PC posterior ceratohyal, UH urohyal, VH ventral hypohyal. Scale bar equals 10 mm.
Fig. 47
Hyoid arches in dorsal view of (a) Pterodoras granulosus, MZUSP 91655, 410 mm SL; (b) Kalyptodoras bahiensis, MZUSP 87842, 152 mm SL; (c) Trachydoras brevis, MZUSP 103087, 74 mm SL; (d) Oxydoras niger, MZUSP 91658, 313 mm SL; (e) Doras higuchii, MZUSP 96334, 165 mm SL; (f) Hemidoras morei, MZUSP 32526, 153.2 mm SL. AC anterior ceratobranchial, DH dorsal hypohyal, IH interhyal, lig ligament, PC posterior ceratohyal, UH urohyal, VH ventral hypohyal. Scale bar equals 10 mm.
Fig. 48
First branchial arch in lateral (a,c,e,g,i,k) and medial (b,d,f,h,j,l) views of (a,b) Platydoras armatulus, MZUSP 94088, 135.4 mm SL; (c,d) Centrodoras brachiatus, MZUSP 103892, 205 mm SL; (e,f) Rhinodoras dorbignyi, MZUSP 36528, 141.6 mm SL; (g,h) Oxydoras niger, MZUSP 56162, 154.6 mm SL; (i,j) Trachydoras steindachneri, MZUSP 49526, 82.4 mm SL; (k,l) Ossancora eigenmanni, MZUSP 5646, 95.4 mm SL. GF gill filaments, LA branchial lamellae, RA gill-rakers.
Fig. 49
First branchial arch in lateral and medial views, respectively, of (a,b) Hemidoras morrisi, MZUSP 23878, 161 mm SL; (c,d) Nemadoras elongatus, MZUSP 83211, 121.7 mm SL; (e,f) Tenellus leporhinus, MZUSP 95617, 136.5 mm SL; (g,h) Hassar affinis, 43605, 157 mm SL; (i,j) Anduzedoras oxyrhynchus, MZUSP 50838, 230 mm SL; (k,l) Leptodoras marki, MZUSP 103217, 83.2 mm SL. GF gill filaments, LA branchial lamellae, RA gill rakers.
Fig. 50
First branchial arch in lateral view of (a) Ageneiosus inermis, MZUSP 101653, 202 mm SL; (b) Tocantinsia piresi, MZUSP 100031, 430 mm SL; (c) Trachycorystes trachycorystes, MZUSP 7381, 136.8 mm SL; (d) Auchenipterus nuchalis, MZUSP 101618, 152.9 mm SL. GF gill filaments, RA gill-rakers.
Fig. 51
Schematic drawing of the branchial arches in dorsal view of Asterophysus batrachus, based on INPA 24119, 127 mm SL. ae accessory element of certobranchial 4, BB basibranchial, CB ceratobranchial, HB hypobranchial, PB pharyngobranchial, ptp pharyngobranchial tooth plate.
Fig. 52
Branchial arches of cleared and stained specimens in ventral view of (a) Doras phlyzakion, MZUSP 50836, 67.5 mm SL; (b) Trachydoras microstomus, MZUSP 57703, 76.6 mm SL. Arrows indicate posterior process of fourth basibranchial.
Fig. 53
Schematic drawing of the branchial arches in dorsal view of Glanidium melanopterum, based on MZUSP 51043, 107.9 mm SL. ac pharyngobranchial accessory cartilage, ae accessory element of ceratobranchial 4, BB basibranchial, CB ceratobranchial, HB hypobranchial, PB pharyngobranchial, ptp pharyngobranchial tooth plate.
Fig. 54
Schematic drawing of the branchial arches in dorsal view of Wertheimeria maculata, based on MZUSP 93658, 192 mm SL. ac pharyngobranchial accessory cartilage, ae accessory element of ceratobranchial 4, BB basibranchial, CB ceratobranchial, HB hypobranchial, PB pharyngobranchial, ptp pharyngobranchial tooth plate.
Fig. 55
Fifth ceratobranchial in dorsal view of (a) Kalyptodoras bahiensis, MZUSP 87841, 233 mm SL; (b) Oxydoras niger, MZUSP 91654, 550 mm SL; (c) Leptodoras juruensis, MZUSP 104532, 227 mm SL. Scale bars equal 5 mm.
Fig. 56
Tympanic area in lateral view of (a) Wertheimeria maculata, MZUSP 93658, 186 mm SL; (b) Liosomadoras oncinus, MZUSP 93497, 74.8 mm SL; (c) Synodontis schall, MZUSP 84468, 76 mm SL; (d) Sciades herzbergii, MZUSP 48636, 72.4 mm SL; (e) Diplomystes mesembrinus, MZUSP 62595, 99.2 mm SL; (f) Amphilius jacksoni, MZUSP 48636, 72.4 mm SL. White arrows (a,b,c) indicate infranuchal ligament, black arrows (a,b,c,d) indicate epiotic-process ligament, red arrow (a) indicates the ligament between Müllerian ramus and lateral line, grey arrows (f) indicate ligament between ribs and muscle fascia.
Fig. 57
Head and tympanic area in lateral view of Centromochlus heckelii, MZUSP 49529, 80.5 mm SL. White arrow indicates Müllerian ramus, black arrows indicate sections of the protractor muscle of the Müllerian ramus.
Fig. 58
Dorsal-fin spinelet in lateral view of (a) Ictalurus punctatus, MZUSP 103256, 155 mm SL; (b) Platydoras brachylecis, MZUSP no data; (c) Rhinodoras dorbignyi, MZUSP 61688, 102 mm SL. Scale bars equal 5 mm.
Fig. 59
Dorsal-fin base in dorsolateral view of (a) Ageneiosus atronasus, MZUSP 52620, 80.1 mm SL; (b) Trachelyopterus striatulus, MZUSP 90742, 154 mm SL. Arrows indicate inclinatores dorsales muscles. Scale bars equal 5 mm.
Fig. 60
Pectoral girdle in lateral (upper row), dorsal (middle row) and ventral (lower row) views of (a,d,g) Wertheimeria maculata, MZUSP 93658, 220.0 mm SL; (b,e,h) Trachydoras brevis, MZUSP 103087, 74 mm SL; (c,f,i) Doras higuchii, MZUSP 101693, 182 mm SL. CLE cleithrum, COR coracoid, cp coracoid process, dp dorsal cleithral process, pd posterodorsal cleithral process, PFS pectoral-fin spine, pp posterior cleithral process. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
Fig. 61
Pectoral girdle in lateral (upper row), dorsal (middle row) and ventral (lower row) views of (a,d,g) Glanidium melanopterum, MZUSP 64256, 112 mm SL; (b,e,h) Auchenipterus nuchalis, MZUSP 89728, 141 mm SL; (c,f,i) Ageneiosus inermis, MZUSP 91661, 333 mm SL. CLE cleithrum, COR coracoid, cp coracoid process, dp dorsal cleithral process, pd posterodorsal cleithral process, PFS pectoral-fin spine, pp posterior cleithral process, PR pectoral-fin rays. Arrow indicated lateral fenestra of pectoral girdle. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
Fig. 62
Pelvic girdle in dorsal view of (a) Lithodoras dorsalis, MZUSP 91562, 450 mm SL; (b) Doras higuchii, MZUSP 101693, 172.0 mm SL; (c) Hemidoras morei, MZUSP 32526, 153.2 mm SL. BAS basipterygium, lap anterolateral process, lp lateral process, map anteromedial process, PFR pelvic-fin rays, pp posterior process. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
Fig. 63
Pelvic girdle in dorsal view of (a) Tocantinsia piresi, MZUSP 100031, 440 mm SL; (b) Ageneiosus inermis, MZUSP 91661, 333 mm SL; (c) Auchenipterus nuchalis, MZUSP 89728, 141 mm SL. BAS basipterygium, lap anterolateral process, lp lateral process, map anteromedial process, PFR pelvic-fin rays, pp posterior process. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
Fig. 64
Anal fin in cleared and stained specimens of mature males of (a) Glanidium melanopterum, MZUSP 51043, 107.9 mm SL; (b) Centromochlus heckelii, MZUSP 49529, 97.4 mm SL.
Fig. 65
Caudal fin in lateral view of (a) Orinocodoras eigenmanni, FMNH 105276, 193 mm SL; (b) Wertheimeria maculata, MZUSP 93659, 217 mm SL; (c) Oxydoras niger, MZUSP 91658, 113 mm SL. H1-5 hypurals 1-5, EP epural, PH parhypural, PL pleurostyle. White arrows indicate dorsal and ventralmost principal unbranched caudal-fin rays. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
Fig. 66
Caudal fin in lateral view of (a) Centromochlus heckelii, MZUSP 101767, 86.8 mm SL; (b) Trachycorystes trachycorystes, MZUSP 91659, 200 mm SL; (c) Trachelyopterus galeatus, MZUSP 52088, 165 mm SL. H1-5 hypurals 1-5, EP epural, PH parhypural, PL pleurostyle. White arrows indicate dorsal and ventralmost principal unbranched caudal-fin rays, black arrow indicates ventral process of hypurapophysis. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
Fig. 67
Part 1: Consensus tree of phylogenetic relationships among higher-level taxa. Numbers of nodes indicated above branches and values for Bremer support indicated below branches. Character state changes (i.e., synapomorphies, autapomorphies, and homoplasis) supporting for each branch listed in Appendix.
Fig. 68
Part 2: Consensus tree of phylogenetic relationships in Auchenipteridae. Numbers of nodes indicated above branches and values for Bremer support indicated below branches. Character state changes (i.e., synapomorphies, autapomorphies, and homoplasis) for each branch listed in Appendix.
Fig. 69
Part 3: Consensus tree of phylogenetic relationships in Doradidae. Numbers of nodes indicated above branches and values for Bremer support indicated below branches. Character state changes (i.e., synapomorphies, autapomorphies, and homoplasis) for each branch listed in Appendix.
Fig. 70
Part 4: Consensus tree of phylogenetic relationships in the clade that includes the fimbriate-barbel doradids. Numbers of nodes indicated above branches and values for Bremer support indicated below branches. Character state changes (i.e., synapomorphies, autapomorphies, and homoplasis) for each branch listed in Appendix.
Fig. 71
Tenellus trimaculatus (a), AUM uncatalogued, approximately 90 mm SL, río Orinoco, Puerto Ayacucho, Venezuela; (b) Tenellus ternetzi, MZUSP 103245, 84.5 mm SL, rio Jari, Monte Dourado, Pará State; (c) Tenellus leporhinus, MZUSP 96596, approximately 80 mm SL, rio Teles Pires, Peixoto de Azevedo, Mato Grosso, photo by Mark Sabaj Pérez. All photographed live.