Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata é redescrita e a expansão de sua distribuição geográfica é apresentada com base em abundantes novos registros. Foram realizadas análises morfológicas, comparação merística e descrição osteológica. Nenhuma autapomorfia foi identificada para P. nigrolineata, mas a espécie é identificada por uma combinação exclusiva de caracteres de colorido do corpo, dados morfométricos e merísticos (comprimento do focinho, comprimento dos barbilhões maxilares e mentais externos; número de vértebras). Uma discussão dessa distribuição geográfica, padrão de coloração do corpo, as supostas relações entre algumas espécies do gênero e seu estado de conservação são apresentados.

Palavras-chave:
América do Sul; Bacia Amazônica; Colorido; Pequeno bagre; Taxonomia

Autoria

Íthalo da Silva Castro

Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing

Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Campus de Pesquisa, Av. Perimetral, 1901, Terra Firme, 66077-830 Belém, PA, Brazil. (ISC) ithalocastro.office@gmail.com (corresponding author); (WBW) wolmar@museu-goeldi.br.Museu Paraense Emílio GoeldiBrazilBelém, PA, BrazilMuseu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Campus de Pesquisa, Av. Perimetral, 1901, Terra Firme, 66077-830 Belém, PA, Brazil. (ISC) ithalocastro.office@gmail.com (corresponding author); (WBW) wolmar@museu-goeldi.br.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8984-495X

Wolmar Benjamin Wosiacki

Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4013-8501

Edited-by

Carlos DoNascimiento

Correspondence

Íthalo da Silva Castro ithalocastro.office@gmail.com

Competing Interests

The author declares no competing interests.

Ethical Statement

Not applicable.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figuras | Tabelas

Figuras (9)
Tabelas (2)

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FIGURE 1 |
Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata, MTD F 20728, holotype, 37.6 mm SL, Peru, Departamento de Ucayali, Tierra Roja, near Pucallpa: A. Dorsal, B. Left lateral, and C. Ventral views. Photographed by Mario Richter.

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FIGURE 2 |
Radiographic images of Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata, MTD F 20728, holotype, 37.6 mm SL: A. Left lateral and B. Ventral views. Photographed by Mario Richter.

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FIGURE 3 |
Radiographic images of Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata, MTD F 17472, paratype, 33.2 mm SL: A. Left lateral and B. Ventral views. Photographed by Mario Richter.

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FIGURE 4 |
Illustration of the cranium of Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata, dorsal view, MCP 53512, 40.0 mm SL. Abbreviations: af, anterior fontanel; AN, antorbital; AP, autopalatine; EP, epioccipital; ES, extrascapula; EX, exoccipital; FR, frontal; i1–6, infraorbital sensory branches 1 to 6; LE, lateral ethmoid; ME, mesethmoid; MX, maxilla; NA, nasal; pf, posterior fontanel; PRE, premaxilla; PT, pterotic; s1–8, supraorbital sensory branches 1 to 8; s2+i2) supraorbital sensory branch 2 + infraorbital sensory branch 2; SP, sphenotic; SOC, supraoccipital; SOCP, supraoccipital process. Scale bars = 1 mm.

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FIGURE 5 |
Lateral view of caudal vertebrae of Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata, MCP 53512, 40.0 mm SL: A. Hemal spines bifids between vertebrae 24 and 32 (arrows) associated with pterygiophores of the anal fin; B. Posterior vertebrae and caudal skeleton. Abbreviations: EPU, epural; HU1+HU2, ventral hypural plate formed by coossification of hypurals 1 and 2; HU3+HU4, dorsal hypural plate formed by co-ossification of hypurals 3 and 4; HU5, dorsal hypural plate 5; PH, parhypural; PU1+U1, complex centrum composed of preural centrum 1 and ural centrum 1; UR, uroneral. Scale bars = 1 mm.

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FIGURE 6 |
Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata. A. MTD F 17472, paratype, 33.2 mm SL, Peru, Ucayali departament, Tierra Roja, Ucayali River basin (Photographed by Mario Richter). B. IAvH-P 10948, 45.0 mm SL, Colombia, Amazonas River basin, Leticia, PNN Amacayacu (Photographed by Juan Gabriel A. Garzón). C. MCP 53512, 40.0 mm SL, Brazil, Tapajós River basin, Itapacurazinho river. D. AUM 36000, 24.8 mm SL, Guyana, Rupununi River, tributary of the Branco River basin (Photographed by Jonathan Armbruster). Scale bars = 1 cm.

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FIGURE 7 |
Unpreserved aquarium specimen supposedly of Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata (approximately 60 mm SL) from Madre de Dios River basin, Peru, showing its color in life. Photographed by Steven Grant.

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FIGURE 8 |
Geographical distribution of Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata in the western Amazon basin. Black star represents the type locality in Peru; black dots represent remaining known localities. One dot may represent more than one lot.

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FIGURE 9 |
Dispersion of individual scores of first two principal component analysis of four populations of Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata (blue dots = Ucayali River basin; brown dots = Amayacu River basin; green dots = Madeira River basin; black dots = Tapajós River basin), P. boliviana (gray dots = Beni River basin), and P. unifasciata (purple dots = Upper Paraná River basin).

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TABLE 1 |
Morphometric data of Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata (data of types not included in the range of non-types). N: Number of non-types; SD: Standard deviation.

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TABLE 2 |
Variables loadings on first two principal components axis of combined samples of populations of Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata, P. boliviana, and P. unifasciata.

FIGURE 1 | Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata, MTD F 20728, holotype, 37.6 mm SL, Peru, Departamento de Ucayali, Tierra Roja, near Pucallpa: A. Dorsal, B. Left lateral, and C. Ventral views. Photographed by Mario Richter.

FIGURE 2 | Radiographic images of Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata, MTD F 20728, holotype, 37.6 mm SL: A. Left lateral and B. Ventral views. Photographed by Mario Richter.

FIGURE 3 | Radiographic images of Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata, MTD F 17472, paratype, 33.2 mm SL: A. Left lateral and B. Ventral views. Photographed by Mario Richter.

FIGURE 4 | Illustration of the cranium of Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata, dorsal view, MCP 53512, 40.0 mm SL. Abbreviations: af, anterior fontanel; AN, antorbital; AP, autopalatine; EP, epioccipital; ES, extrascapula; EX, exoccipital; FR, frontal; i1–6, infraorbital sensory branches 1 to 6; LE, lateral ethmoid; ME, mesethmoid; MX, maxilla; NA, nasal; pf, posterior fontanel; PRE, premaxilla; PT, pterotic; s1–8, supraorbital sensory branches 1 to 8; s2+i2) supraorbital sensory branch 2 + infraorbital sensory branch 2; SP, sphenotic; SOC, supraoccipital; SOCP, supraoccipital process. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 5 | Lateral view of caudal vertebrae of Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata, MCP 53512, 40.0 mm SL: A. Hemal spines bifids between vertebrae 24 and 32 (arrows) associated with pterygiophores of the anal fin; B. Posterior vertebrae and caudal skeleton. Abbreviations: EPU, epural; HU1+HU2, ventral hypural plate formed by coossification of hypurals 1 and 2; HU3+HU4, dorsal hypural plate formed by co-ossification of hypurals 3 and 4; HU5, dorsal hypural plate 5; PH, parhypural; PU1+U1, complex centrum composed of preural centrum 1 and ural centrum 1; UR, uroneral. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 6 | Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata. A. MTD F 17472, paratype, 33.2 mm SL, Peru, Ucayali departament, Tierra Roja, Ucayali River basin (Photographed by Mario Richter). B. IAvH-P 10948, 45.0 mm SL, Colombia, Amazonas River basin, Leticia, PNN Amacayacu (Photographed by Juan Gabriel A. Garzón). C. MCP 53512, 40.0 mm SL, Brazil, Tapajós River basin, Itapacurazinho river. D. AUM 36000, 24.8 mm SL, Guyana, Rupununi River, tributary of the Branco River basin (Photographed by Jonathan Armbruster). Scale bars = 1 cm.

FIGURE 7 | Unpreserved aquarium specimen supposedly of Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata (approximately 60 mm SL) from Madre de Dios River basin, Peru, showing its color in life. Photographed by Steven Grant.

FIGURE 8 | Geographical distribution of Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata in the western Amazon basin. Black star represents the type locality in Peru; black dots represent remaining known localities. One dot may represent more than one lot.

FIGURE 9 | Dispersion of individual scores of first two principal component analysis of four populations of Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata (blue dots = Ucayali River basin; brown dots = Amayacu River basin; green dots = Madeira River basin; black dots = Tapajós River basin), P. boliviana (gray dots = Beni River basin), and P. unifasciata (purple dots = Upper Paraná River basin).

TABLE 1 | Morphometric data of Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata (data of types not included in the range of non-types). N: Number of non-types; SD: Standard deviation.

	Holotype	Paratypes		Non-types
	MTD F 20728	MTD F 20739	MTD F 17472	Min	Max	Mean	SD	N
Standard length (mm)	37.6	32.0	33.2	19.5	47.6	32.3	-	25
Percentages of standard length
Body depth	8.9	8.4	9.3	6.8	10.6	9.0	1.3	25
Predorsal length	43.2	40.4	45.2	38.9	45.4	42.7	2.0	25
Dorsal-fin base	11.1	10.6	11.4	8.6	13.2	10.7	1.6	25
Dorsal-fin to adipose-fin	29.3	29.1	29.2	17.2	29.2	20.7	3.9	25
Preadipose length	69.0	72.8	72.9	65.8	73.8	70.9	2.8	25
Adipose-fin length	11.6	10.6	11.5	18.3	25.5	20.1	2.5	25
Adipose-fin depth	2.4	2.2	2.4	2.4	4.4	3.2	0.7	25
Prepectoral length	21.3	21.3	21.1	16.8	25.1	21.6	2.8	25
Prepelvic length	41.0	37.7	43.4	36.9	42.7	39.7	2.0	25
Preanal length	64.8	60.9	66.8	61.2	70.2	65.8	2.6	25
Pectoral-fin length	12.5	12.5	12.3	12.5	17.3	14.6	1.6	25
Dorsal-fin length	14.4	13.8	15.0	12.7	21.5	17.4	2.8	25
Pelvic-fin length	13.8	13.8	13.9	13.8	16.1	14.5	0.9	25
Anal-fin length	11.2	10.9	11.1	10.0	12.5	11.4	0.8	25
Anal-fin base	14.2	13.8	14.7	15.1	22.1	16.6	2.3	25
Caudal-peduncle length	19.2	17.8	21.0	12.3	18.6	16.3	2.1	25
Caudal-peduncle depth	6.3	5.8	6.9	5.3	8.2	6.3	1.1	25
Upper caudal-fin lobe length	19.2	18.1	19.8	17.6	23.1	20.0	2.3	25
Lower caudal-fin lobe length	23.3	21.3	25.6	19.4	30.6	24.5	3.5	25
Maxillary-barbel length	30.8	27.6	34.0	20.0	36.7	26.9	4.0	25
Outer mental-barbel length	15.4	15.1	15.4	12.8	19.9	16.8	2.4	25
Inner mental-barbel length	12.0	11.9	11.7	8.5	14.1	10.9	2.0	25
Head length	19.4	17.5	20.5	19.9	24.7	22.5	2.0	25
Percentages of head length
Head width	71.3	77.4	70.1	65.0	80.5	70.8	3.3	25
Head depth	50.7	50.0	50.0	32.3	50.7	38.8	3.6	25
Snout length	33.2	33.4	33.6	33.3	37.5	35.7	1.4	25
Eye diameter	10.5	8.9	11.8	7.8	12.2	9.6	1.7	25
Fleshy interorbital	29.2	30.4	30.5	21.1	27.2	24.8	2.1	25
Mouth gape	40.0	39.1	39.4	37.2	53.7	42.6	3.2	25

TABLE 2 | Variables loadings on first two principal components axis of combined samples of populations of Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata, P. boliviana, and P. unifasciata.

	PC 1	PC 2
Standard length (mm)	0.84244	-0.21118
Body depth	0.089675	-0.0061115
Prepectoral length	0.14127	0.12426
Adipose-fin length	0.22804	-0.26398
Adipose-fin depth	0.034949	0.0015475
Pectoral fin length	0.11747	0.17017
Dorsal fin length	0.10038	0.15841
Pelvic fin length	0.095642	0.12949
Anal fin length	0.10331	0.055195
Anal-fin base	0.10076	-0.030776
Caudal-peduncle depth	0.067091	-0.015436
Upper caudal-fin lobe length	0.17855	0.10836
Lower caudal-fin lobe length	0.23735	-0.033882
Maxilary-barbel length	0.14556	0.85182
Outer mental-barbel length	0.093924	0.19238
Inner mental-barbel length	0.089318	0.11619
Head width	0.096252	0.050351
Head depth	0.075541	0.023925
Snout length	0.063192	0.035825
Mouth gape	0.067426	-0.033748
Fleshy interorbital	0.031838	0.025651
Eigenvalue	182.78	11.3929
% variance	91.2	5.6

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Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá., Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Phone number: +55 44-3011-4632 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
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[1] Edited-by

Carlos DoNascimiento