Systematic assessment of the Leporinus desmotes species complex, with a description of two new species

Burns, Michael D.; Chatfield, Marcus; Birindelli, José L. O.; Sidlauskas, Brian L.

doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20160166

Brasil

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ARTICLES • Neotrop. ichthyol. 15 (2) • 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160166 linkcopy

Systematic assessment of the Leporinus desmotes species complex, with a description of two new species

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Members of the Leporinus desmotes species complex can be distinguished from other barred or banded congeners by the combination of nine distinct black bars across the head and trunk and long, pointed, laterally compressed and upward curving symphyseal dentary teeth. A taxonomic reassessment of this complex revealed two new species, one from the Orinoco and Negro rivers of Venezuela and Brazil, and the other from the Xingu and Tapajós rivers of Brazil. Both species are similar to L. desmotes and L. jatuncochi, but differ significantly in body shape morphology, coloration, and/or circumpeduncular scale counts. Genetic evidence also contributes to the recognition of both new species. This contribution also maps the geographic distribution of the four known species, and highlights the presence of an unusual meristic polymorphism within Leporinus desmotes sensu stricto that may suggest the presence of even more unrecognized diversity.

Keywords: Anostomidae; Characiformes; Morphology; South America; Taxonomy

	Tissue ID	Voucher ID	Basin	16s	Cytb	COX1	Rag1	Rag2	Myh6
Leporinus affinis	43695	LBP 12699	Araquaia	KY524562	KY524551	KY524537	KY524510	KY524523	KY524496
Leporinus altipinnis	24381	LBP 24381	Negro	MF285868	MF285876	-	MF285883	MF285887	MF285879
Leporinus brunneus	7575	AUM 53512	Oinoco	KY524560	KY524549	KY524535	KY524508	KY524521	KY524494
Leporinus brunneus	T09239	AUM 53512	Orinoco	MF285870	-	-	MF285884	MF285888	MF285881
Leporinus desmotes	2068	ANSP179650	Essequibo	KY524572	KY524548	KY524534	KY524507	KY524520	KY524493
Leporinus ecuadorensis	T13726	ECU12-10	Vinces	KY524569	KY524558	KY524544	KY524517	KY524530	KY524503
Leporinus ecuadorensis	T13727	ECU12-10	Vinces	MF285871	MF285875	MF285872	MF285885	MF285889	-
Leporinus enyae	V5274	AUM 43700	Oinoco	-	KY524559	KY524545	KY524518	KY524531	KY524504
Leporinus fasciatus	157_2	MHNG uncat	Nickerie	KY524490	KY524546	KY524532	KY524505	KY524519	KY524491
Leporinus fasciatus	NS61	ANSP 180321	Nanay	KY524565	KY524554	KY524540	KY524513	KY524526	KY524499
Leporinus fasciatus	22701	LBP 4248	Amazon	KY524561	KY524550	KY524536	KY524509	KY524522	KY524495
Leporinus fasciatus	157_8	MHNG uncat	Tapanahony	KY524571	KY524547	KY524533	KY524506	-	KY524492
Leporinus jatuncochi	PE10-164	OS 18325	Upper Amazon	KY524567	KY524556	KY524542	KY524515	KY524528	-
Leporinus jatuncochi	PE10-165	OS 18325	Upper Amazon	KY524568	KY524557	KY524543	-	KY524529	-
Leporinus jatuncochi	PE10-166	OS 18325	Upper Amazon	MF285869	-	MF285873	-	-	MF285880
Leporinus pearsoni	4124	ANSP 180841	Upper Amazon	MF285867	MF285877	MF285874	MF285882	MF285886	MF285878
Leporinus villasboasorum	T10752	ANSP 195954	Xingu	KY524564	KY524553	KY524539	KY524512	KY524525	KY524498
Leporinus villasboasorum	T8731	INPA 40521	Xingu	KY524563	KY524552	KY524538	KY524511	KY524524	KY524497

Gene and position	Partitions	Best-fit model
16s	1-592	GTR+G+I
COI 1st position	593-1415/3	TrN+G
COI 2nd position	594-1415/3	F8I
COI 3rd position	595-1415/3	GTR+G
Cytb 1st position	1416-2517/3	TrN+I
Cytb 2nd position	1417-2517/3	GTR+G
Cytb 3rd position	1418-2517/3	TrN+I
Myh6 1st position	2518-3286/3	GTR+G+I
Myh6 2nd position	2519-3286/3	GTR+I
Myh6 3rd position	2520-3286/3	HKY+G
Rag1 1st position	3287-4740/3	TVM+I+G
Rag1 2nd position	3288-4740/3	TVM+G
Rag1 3rd position	3289-4740/3	TVM+I+G
Rag2 1st position	4741-5770/3	TVM+G
Rag2 2nd position	4742-5770/3	TVM+G
Rag2 3rd position	4743-5770/3	TVM+G

	L. enyae (holotype)	L. enyae	L. villasboasorum (holotype)	L. villasboasorum
Number of specimens		27		7
Unbranched dorsal-fin rays	ii	ii	ii	ii
Branched dorsal-fin rays	10	10-11 (10 ± 1.9)	10	10
Unbranched anal-fin rays	ii	ii	ii	ii
Branched anal-fin rays	9	8-9 (8.6 ± 0.5)	8	8
Unbranched pectoral-fin rays	i	i	i	i
Branched pectoral-fin rays	16	16	16	15-16 (15.9 ± 0.4)
Unbranched pelvic-fin rays	i	i	i	i
Branched pelvic-fin rays	9	9	9	9
Upper principal caudal-fin rays	10	10	10	10
Lower principal caudal-fin rays	9	8-9 (8.9 ± 1.9)	9	9
Total lateral line scales	42	39-43 (40.9 ± 0.8)	41	38-45 (41 ± 2.2)
Upper transverse scales at dorsal-fin origin	6	6	6	6
Lower transverse scales at pelvic-fin origin	5	5	5	5
Lower transverse scales at anal-fin origin	5	5	5	5
Circumpeduncular scales	16	16	16	16
Predorsal scales	11	11-14 (12.9 ± 0.7)	13	12-15 (13 ± 0.9)
Dentary Teeth	3	3	3	3
Premaxilla Teeth	3	3	3	3
Vertebrae	38	38	38	38

	L. desmotes (holotype)	L. desmotes	L. jatuncochi (holotype)*	L. jatuncochi
Number of specimens		6		24
Unbranched dorsal-fin rays	ii	ii	Ii	ii
Branched dorsal-fin rays	10	10	10	10
Unbranched anal-fin rays	ii	ii	Ii	ii
Branched anal-fin rays	8	8	8	8-9 (8.3 ± 0.5)
Unbranched pectoral-fin rays	i	i	I	i
Branched pectoral-fin rays	16	16	16	15-16 (15.9 ± 0.3)
Unbranched pelvic-fin rays	i	i	-	i
Branched pelvic-fin rays	9	9	-	9
Upper principal caudal-fin rays	-	10	-	10
Lower principal caudal-fin rays	-	9	-	9
Lateral lines scales to anterior margin of hypural plate	-	34-37 (36 ± 1.1)	-	32-36 (34.3 ± 0.9)
Scales over hypural plate	-	6	-	5-6 (5.9 ± 0.3)
Total lateral line scales	41	40-42 (40.8 ± 0.8)	39	38-42 (40.2 ± 0.9)
Upper transverse scales at dorsal-fin origin	5	6	5	5-6 (5.6 ± 0.5)
Lower transverse scales at pelvic-fin origin	5	5	4.5	4-5 (4.6 ± 0.5)
Lower transverse scales at anal-fin origin	-	4-5 (4.7 ± 0.5)	-	4-5 (4.5 ± 0.5)
Circumpeduncular scales	16	14-16 (15.2 ± 1.0)	14	14
Predorsal scales	11	11-13 (12.7 ± 0.8)	11	12-14 (12.9 ± 0.64)
Dentary Teeth	3	3-4 (3.7 ± 0.04)	4*	3
Premaxilla Teeth	3	3-4 (3.7 ± 00.4)	4*	3
Vertebrae	-	38	-	38

	L. jatuncochi	L. desmotes	L. enyae	L. villasboasorum
	(Upper Amazon)	(Essequibo)	(Orinoco)	(Xingu)
L. jatuncochi	-	0.975	0.016*	0.000*
L. desmotes	0.025*	-	0.044*	0.000*
L. enyae	0.002*	0.000*	-	0.006*
L. villasboasorum	0.018*	0.999	0.000*	-

		L. enyae (holotype)	L. enyae (paratypes)	L. villasboasorum (holotype)	L. villasboasorum (paratypes)	L. desmotes	L. jatuncochi
	Standard length (mm)	145.6	37.7 - 181.4 (110.4 ± 39.9)	91.0	69.9 - 127.9 (97.7 ± 19.6)	56.4 - 170.8 (96.2 ± 46.5)	22.8 - 84.8 (58.5 ± 19.3)
1	Snout to dorsal-fin origin	43.4	41.9 - 47.2 (44.3 ± 1.3)	46.7	43.6 - 46.7 (45.3 ± 1.1)	42.6 - 46.0 (44.5 ± 1.1)	41.8 - 49.2 (44.8 ± 1.9)
2	Snout to adipose-fin origin	82.0	78.7 - 83.7 (81.4 ± 1.3)	80.9	80.1 - 82.8 (81.0 ± 0.9)	80.1 - 82.9 (81.5 ± 0.9)	78.6 - 83.0 (81.0 ± 1.1)
3	Snout to anal-fin origin	78.8	75.4 - 79.7 (77.9 ± 1.2)	76.9	74.6 - 78.0 (76.3 ± 1.2)	76.8 - 79.5 (77.9 ± 0.9)	75.1 - 80.5 (77.0 ± 1.4)
4	Snout to pelvic-fin origin	46.2	45.4 - 49.5 (47.1 ± 1.0)	47.8	45.9 - 50.0 (48.4 ± 1.4)	45.8 - 50.1 (48.4 ± 1.5)	44.8 - 52.1 (47.5 ± 2.4)
5	Snout to pectoral-fin origin	24.3.	22.3 - 28.2 (25.2 ± 1.2)	27.2	24.7 - 28.6 (27.3 ± 1.3)	24.0 - 27.3 (25.8 ± 1.4)	25.1 - 33.4 (27.6 ± 2.2)
6	Dorsal-fin origin to pectoral-fin origin	27.9	25.4 - 30.5 (27.8 ± 1.2)	28.2	26.1 - 28.8 (27.4 ± 0.9)	27.3 - 30.9 (29.0 ± 1.3)	21.8 - 30.3 (27.6 ± 1.9)
7	Dorsal-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin	26.4	22.1 - 28.3 (25.6 ± 1.4)	25.3	22.7 - 25.3 (24.4 ± 0.9)	23.1 - 29.7 (26.7 ± 2.1)	22.2 - 30.1 (27.1 ± 1.9)
8	Dorsal-fin origin to anal-fin origin	43.8	40.1 - 43.8 (42.1 ± 1.0)	40.6	39.1 - 41.3 (40.3 ± 0.9)	40.2 - 46.2 (43.1 ± 1.9)	38.3 - 44.1 (42.2 ± 1.5)
9	Dorsal-fin origin to anal-fin insertion	49.6	33.9 - 54.4 (47.6 ± 3.2)	46.9	44.5 - 48.7 (46.3 ± 1.3)	46.5 - 52.7 (49.7 ± 2.0)	43.9 - 51.0 (48.3 ± 2.1)
10	Dorsal-fin origin to posterior margins of the hypurals	61.1	56.0 - 62.4 (59.5 ± 1.4)	58.7	56.5 - 60.5 (59.0 ± 1.3)	58.0 - 62.8 (60.3 ± 1.5)	55.3 - 62.2 (59.7 ± 1.7)
11	Dorsal-fin origin to adipose-fin origin	41.4	36.2 - 42.6 (39.8 ± 1.5)	38.0	36.7 - 39.4 (38.4 ± 0.9)	36.6 - 43.1 (40.3 ± 1.9)	35.7 - 42.1 (39.7 ± 1.6)
12	Length of dorsal-fin base	13.7	11.7 - 15.5 (13.9 ± 0.8)	15.5	14.4 - 15.6 (15.0 ± 0.4)	15.4 - 16.9 (16.0 ± 0.5)	13.8 - 17.0 (15.6 ± 0.9)
13	Dorsal-fin insertion to pelvic-fin origin	24.0	20.9 - 26.7 (23.8 ± 1.3)	25.0	22.1 - 25.0 (23.1 ± 0.9)	22.3 - 28.2 (24.9 ± 1.7)	20.4 - 27.9 (24.8 ± 2.1)
14	Dorsal-fin insertion to adipose-fin origin	28.1	22.9 - 28.7 (26.1 ± 1.5)	20.8	20.8 - 26.5 (23.7 ± 1.6)	21.7 - 26.6 (24.1 ± 1.5)	20.2 - 26.9 (24.2 ± 1.7)
15	Dorsal-fin insertion to anal-fin origin	30.9	27.3 - 31.3 (29.3 ± 1.1)	27.7	25.9 - 29.3 (27.1 ± 1.1)	25.2 - 31.5 (28.4 ± 1.9)	24.5 - 30.1 (27.9 ± 1.8)
16	Dorsal-fin insertion to anal-fin insertion	35.7	31.7 - 36.4 (34.3 ± 1.2)	31.4	30.4 - 33.4 (31.6 ± 1.0)	30.0 - 35.5 (33.6 ± 1.8)	29.3 - 36.0 (33.2 ± 1.8)
17	Adipose-fin origin to anal-fin origin	17.3	15.1 - 19.1 (16.9 ± 1.0)	17.1	16.3 - 17.4 (17.0 ± 0.4)	17.9 - 19.8 (18.7 ± 0.7)	15.9 - 20.8 (18.3 ± 1.2)
18	Adipose-fin origin to anal-fin insertion	13.0	12.1 - 14.8 (13.1 ± 0.7)	12.5	12.5 - 13.6 (13.1 ± 0.4)	13.9 - 15.6 (14.7 ± 0.6)	11.6 - 15.6 (14.2 ± 1.1)
19	Adipose-fin origin to posterior margins of the hypurals	19.9	18.3 - 22.1 (19.7 ± 0.8)	20.8	19.7 - 21.8 (20.6 ± 0.6)	18.6 - 20.9 (20.2 ± 0.7)	18.3 - 21.8 (20.0 ± 1.0)
20	Length of anal-fin base	9.5	8.0 - 11.3 (9.4 ± 0.9)	9.3	9.0 - 10.0 (9.3 ± 0.4)	9.0 - 12.1 (10.5 ± 1.1)	10.0 - 13.2 (11.6 ± 1.0)
21	Anal-fin insertion to posterior margin of hypurals	16.3	13.9 - 17.2 (15.4 ± 0.8)	16.7	15.1 - 18.4 (16.7 ± 1.1)	13.9 - 16.1 (14.8 ± 0.6)	12.2 - 16.2 (14.8 ± 1.1)
22	Pelvic-fin origin to anal-fin origin	33.4	29.0 - 36.3 (32.2 ± 1.6)	29.5	27.5 - 31.4 (29.2 ± 1.2)	28.7 - 34.4 (30.7 ± 2.1)	24.8 - 34.5 (30.6 ± 2.5)
23	Pelvic-fin origin to adipose-fin origin	42.0	36.7 - 43.7 (40.4 ± 1.5)	38.4	36.3 - 38.6 (37.7 ± 0.9)	38.5 - 43.4 (40.2 ± 1.7)	34.8 - 43.2 (40.1 ± 1.9)
24	Pelvic origin to posterior margin of hypurals	58.5	53.2 - 58.5 (55.9 ± 1.2)	55.3	53.7 - 55.7 (54.6 ± 0.8)	52.9 - 57.1 (55.0 ± 1.6)	50.8 - 57.5 (55.3 ± 2.0)
25	Pelvic-fin origin to pectoral-fin origin	22.5	20.4 - 24.9 (22.4 ± 1.1)	22.7	20.9 - 23.4 (22.5 ± 0.9)	21.5 - 24.9 (23.1 ± 1.1)	18.4 - 26.7 (21.1 ± 1.8)
26	Greatest body depth	26.0	23.2 - 28.7 (25.4 ± 1.4)	24.4	23.0 - 24.9 (24.0 ± 0.6)	25.1 - 28.9 (26.7 ± 1.3)	24.2 - 29.7 (27.0 ± 1.6)
27	Greatest body width	12.2	10.3 - 13.9 (11.9 ± 1.0)	12.6	11.2 - 13.2 (12.6 ± 0.7)	11.3 - 15.5 (13.2 ± 1.5)	10.8 - 14.2 (12.4 ± 1.0)
28	Caudal-peduncle depth	9.4	8.1 - 10.9 (9.5 ± 0.6)	9.7	9.1 - 10.3 (10.0 ± 0.4)	10.1 - 11.2 (10.6 ± 3.7)	8.6 - 11.6 (10.4 ± 0.8)
29	Head length	21.6	21.6 - 26.3 (23.4 ± 1.0)	24.8	24.1 - 26.0 (25.1 ± 0.7)	22.5 - 26.3 (24.9 ± 1.5)	23.9 - 30.1 (26.4 ± 1.9)
30	Preopercle length	82.1	76.1 - 83.7 (80.8 +- 1.8)	79.7	78.8 - 82.6 (80.0 +- 1.2)	77.9 - 82.0 (79.8 ± 1.2)	72.1 - 82.9 (78.2 ± 2.7)
31	Snout to anterior margin of the eye	43.0	37.2 - 43.9 (41.4 +- 1.5)	38.7	38.7 - 43.6 (40.8 +- 1.9)	36.8 - 42.4 (40.8 ± 1.9)	32.6 - 45.7 (39.1 ± 3.4)
32	Head depth	78.8	69.9 - 78.9 (73.9 +- 2.7)	73.6	71.2 - 80.9 (75.1 +- 3.1)	67.8 - 78.7 (72.8 ± 3.6)	60.8 - 78.4 (70.9 ± 4.5)
33	Snout depth	53.2	44.5 - 53.2 (47.9 +- 2.2)	49.1	47.8 - 56.5 (50.0 +- 3.0)	42.9 - 51.7 (47.5 ± 3.1)	42.3 - 49.7 (45.5 ± 2.4)
34	Jaw length	24.1	20.1 - 26.8 (23.5 +- 1.9)	22.2	21.1 - 25.1 (23.0 +- 1.4)	20.7 - 27.2 (23.4 ± 2.7)	18.4 - 26.9 (21.5 ± 2.2)
35	Eye diameter	27.4	23.7 - 32.9 (28.1 +- 2.7)	28.8	22.7 - 29.7 (26.9 +- 2.1)	25.1 - 34.9 (29.5 ± 3.1)	27.1 - 37.0 (31.4 ± 3.1)
36	Interorbital width	43.3	35.2 - 44.7 (40.6 +- 2.2)	38.9	35.8 - 41.7 (38.7 +- 1.8)	40.9 - 47.8 (43.9 ± 2.5)	35.8 - 44.1 (39.7 ± 2.5)
37	Snout to supraoccipital crest	92.2	82.9 - 1.0 (87.6 +- 4.0)	93.1	80.9 - 93.1 (88.1 +- 4.0)	79.4 - 86.7 (83.5 ± 2.6)	76.3 - 89.4 (82.8 ± 3.5)

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