Integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of <i>Cyphocharax</i> (Characiformes: Curimatidae) from the Upper Paraíba do Sul River basin, Brazil

A new species of Cyphocharax is described from the Upper Paraíba do Sul River basin, São Paulo, Brazil based on integrated morphological and molecular delimitation criteria. It is morphologically distinguished from its congeners by the presence of a round, dark blotch at the midlength of the caudal peduncle not extending to the proximal portions of the median caudal-fin rays, 19–20 circumpeduncular scales, 34–41 perforated lateral-line scales, 6–7 longitudinal scale rows above and below the lateral line, greatest body depth corresponding to 34.7–39.9% of standard length (SL), and the caudal peduncle depth corresponding to 13.3–15.2% of SL. The lowest genetic distances between the new species and other congeners are: 2.5% from C. gilbert, followed by 3.0% from C. santacatarinae, and 3.2% from C. aff. gilbert. All species delimitation criteria employed herein corroborated the recognition of the new species. In addition, comments on its conservation status are provided.

Keywords:
Cyphocharax gilbert clade; Genetic distance; Molecular species delimitation; Taxonomy

Authorship

Guilherme Moreira Dutra

Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Nazaré, 481, Ipiranga, 04263-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. (GMD) guilhermedutr@yahoo.com.br (corresponding author); (GV) george.vitao@gmail.com; (PVG) pericles.gentile@gmail.com.Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São PauloBrazilSão Paulo, SP, BrazilMuseu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Nazaré, 481, Ipiranga, 04263-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. (GMD) guilhermedutr@yahoo.com.br (corresponding author); (GV) george.vitao@gmail.com; (PVG) pericles.gentile@gmail.com.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1010-3738

George Vita

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2527-1950

Péricles Vinícius Gentile

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9820-7266

Luz Eneida Ochoa

Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede de la Paz, Cesar, Colombia. (LEO) leochoao@unal.edu.co.Universidad Nacional de ColombiaColombiaLa Paz, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede de la Paz, Cesar, Colombia. (LEO) leochoao@unal.edu.co.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4205-8510

Andre Luiz Netto-Ferreira

Laboratório de Ictiologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. (ALNF) alnferreira@gmail.com.Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulBrazilPorto Alegre, RS, BrazilLaboratório de Ictiologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. (ALNF) alnferreira@gmail.com.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3096-0411

Edited-by

Brian Sidlauskas

Correspondence

Guilherme Moreira Dutra guilhermedutr@yahoo.com.br

Author's Contribution

Guilherme Moreira Dutra: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

George Vita: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

Péricles Vinícius Gentile: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

Luz Eneida Ochoa: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

Andre Luiz Netto-Ferreira: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical Statement

Not applicable.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (5)
Tables (3)

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FIGURE 1 |
Lateral view of Cyphocharax tamuya. A. MZUSP 125833, holotype, 106.8 mm SL, Paraibuna River, Paraíba do Sul River basin, São Paulo, Brazil; B. MZUSP 108117, paratype, 69.7 mm SL, Paraitinga River, Paraíba do Sul River basin, São Paulo, Brazil.

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FIGURE 2 |
Caudal peduncle and fin of Cyphocharax species: A. C. tamuya, MZUSP 108117, paratype; B. C. voga, MZUSP 39782; C. C. santacatarinae, MZUSP 58659; D. C. gilbert, MZUSP 26861; E. C. naegelii, MZUSP 207752; F. C. platanus, MZUSP 45858.

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FIGURE 3 |
Map of eastern portion of South America showing the type locality (star) and distribution of Cyphocharax tamuya. Symbols may represent more than one collection event.

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FIGURE 4 |
Maximum likelihood tree of Curimatidae using COI (210 sequences with 657 bp) depicting the Cyphocharax gilbert clade (black dot). Numbers at right of nodes represent bootstrap support.

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FIGURE 5 |
Results of the molecular delimitations methods bPTP, ASAP and GMYC for the species included in the Cyphocharax gilbert clade. MOTUs are represented by black rectangles.

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TABLE 1 |
Tissue samples of Cyphocharax tamuya used in the present study.

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TABLE 2 |
Morphometric data for Cyphocharax tamuya (n = total number of specimens examined; SD = Standard deviation); ranges include values for the holotype.

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TABLE 3 |
Average barcoding divergence (%) among species of the Cyphocharax gilbert clade based on the Kimura two-parameters model using COI data matrix. Values in bold refer to intraspecific distance within each species. Values above the diagonal refer to standard deviation.

FIGURE 1 | Lateral view of Cyphocharax tamuya. A. MZUSP 125833, holotype, 106.8 mm SL, Paraibuna River, Paraíba do Sul River basin, São Paulo, Brazil; B. MZUSP 108117, paratype, 69.7 mm SL, Paraitinga River, Paraíba do Sul River basin, São Paulo, Brazil.

FIGURE 2 | Caudal peduncle and fin of Cyphocharax species: A. C. tamuya, MZUSP 108117, paratype; B. C. voga, MZUSP 39782; C. C. santacatarinae, MZUSP 58659; D. C. gilbert, MZUSP 26861; E. C. naegelii, MZUSP 207752; F. C. platanus, MZUSP 45858.

FIGURE 3 | Map of eastern portion of South America showing the type locality (star) and distribution of Cyphocharax tamuya. Symbols may represent more than one collection event.

FIGURE 4 | Maximum likelihood tree of Curimatidae using COI (210 sequences with 657 bp) depicting the Cyphocharax gilbert clade (black dot). Numbers at right of nodes represent bootstrap support.

FIGURE 5 | Results of the molecular delimitations methods bPTP, ASAP and GMYC for the species included in the Cyphocharax gilbert clade. MOTUs are represented by black rectangles.

TABLE 1 | Tissue samples of Cyphocharax tamuya used in the present study.

Voucher	Tissue number	GenBank Accession number (COI)	Locality
MZUSP 126668	Mzict006210	ON997071	Paraibuna dam
MZUSP 126668	Mzict006211	ON997072	Paraibuna dam
MZUSP 126668	Mzict006212	ON997073	Paraibuna dam
MZUSP 126668	Mzict006213	ON997074	Paraibuna dam
MZUSP 126668	Mzict006214	ON997075	Paraibuna dam
MZUSP 126669	Mzict006215	OP056028	Paraibuna dam
MZUSP 126669	Mzict006216	ON997076	Paraibuna dam

TABLE 2 | Morphometric data for Cyphocharax tamuya (n = total number of specimens examined; SD = Standard deviation); ranges include values for the holotype.

	Holotype	Range	n	Mean	SD
Standard length (mm)	106.8	64.0–164.5	20	–	–
Percent of standard length
Greatest body depth	36.7	34.7–41.1	25	37.8	1.7
Snout to dorsal-fin origin	50.4	47.4–53.7	25	50.9	1.5
Snout to pectoral-fin origin	29.9	27.0–32.5	25	29.6	1.3
Snout to pelvic-fin origin	56.4	54.0–58.1	25	56.0	1.1
Snout to anal-fin origin	79.5	79.5–85.1	25	82.0	1.4
Snout to anus	76.1	69.9–81.5	25	77.8	2.4
Dorsal-fin origin to hypural joint	56.3	54.8–59.2	25	57.2	1.3
Dorsal-fin origin to anal-fin origin	44.0	44.0–50.7	25	47.4	1.6
Dorsal-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin	35.8	33.5–40.7	25	37.2	2.2
Dorsal-fin origin to pectoral-fin origin	36.2	31.9–38.2	25	35.7	1.7
Caudal-peduncle depth	13.7	13.3–15.2	25	14.2	0.5
Pectoral-fin length	18.6	16.1–19.6	24	18.2	0.8
Pelvic-fin length	19.1	17.3–22.0	25	19.6	1.0
Dorsal-fin length	26.3	24.5–28.8	25	26.3	1.1
Head length	29.9	26.2–32.3	25	29.5	1.2
Percent of head length
Snout length	28.2	22.8–33.8	25	28.8	2.3
Orbital diameter	31.6	21.7–33.5	25	28.7	2.8
Postorbital length	46.2	42.2–48.5	25	45.7	1.8
Interorbital distance	41.1	38.1–47.4	25	41.6	2.5

TABLE 3 | Average barcoding divergence (%) among species of the Cyphocharax gilbert clade based on the Kimura two-parameters model using COI data matrix. Values in bold refer to intraspecific distance within each species. Values above the diagonal refer to standard deviation.

		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
1	C. corumbae	0.001	0.001	0.002	0.002	0.001	0.004	0.003	0.000	0.002	0.004	0.002
2	C. gilbert	0.036	0.002	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.004	0.002
3	C. aff. gilbert	0.048	0.019	–	0.002	–	0.001	0.001	–	–	0.005	0.002
4	C. modestus	0.033	0.035	0.048	0.005	0.001	0.001	0.002	0.001	0.002	0.005	0.001
5	C. cf. modestus	0.033	0.038	0.048	0.013	–	0.001	0.000	–	–	0.005	0.001
6	C. naegelii	0.020	0.036	0.047	0.028	0.027	0.002	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.005	0.002
7	C. platanus	0.024	0.039	0.047	0.030	0.031	0.005	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.005	0.002
8	C. santacatarinae	0.039	0.021	0.031	0.042	0.041	0.036	0.036	–	–	0.005	0.002
9	C. spilotus	0.030	0.040	0.049	0.033	0.031	0.026	0.029	0.042	–	0.006	0.002
10	C. tamuya	0.053	0.025	0.032	0.051	0.050	0.049	0.053	0.030	0.053	0.004	0.005
11	C. voga	0.036	0.025	0.030	0.045	0.041	0.035	0.035	0.026	0.039	0.039	0.003

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Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá., Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Phone number: +55 44-3011-4632 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br

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Integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of <i>Cyphocharax</i> (Characiformes: Curimatidae) from the Upper Paraíba do Sul River basin, Brazil

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[1] Edited-by

Brian Sidlauskas