Investigations into the ancestry of the Grape-eye Seabass (<i>Hemilutjanus macrophthalmos</i>) reveal novel limits and relationships for the Acropomatiformes (Teleostei: Percomorpha)

Smith, W. Leo; Ghedotti, Michael J.; Domínguez-Domínguez, Omar; McMahan, Caleb D.; Espinoza, Eduardo; Martin, Rene P.; Girard, Matthew G.; Davis, Matthew P.

doi:10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0160

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Original Article • Neotrop. ichthyol. 20 (03) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0160 linkcopy

Investigations into the ancestry of the Grape-eye Seabass (Hemilutjanus macrophthalmos) reveal novel limits and relationships for the Acropomatiformes (Teleostei: Percomorpha)

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

For 175 years, an unremarkable bass, the Grape-eye Seabass (Hemilutjanus macrophthalmos), has been known from coastal waters in the Eastern Pacific. To date, its phylogenetic placement and classification have been ignored. A preliminary osteological examination of Hemilutjanus hinted that it may have affinities with the Acropomatiformes. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis using UCE and Sanger sequence data to study the placement of Hemilutjanus and the limits and relationships of the Acropomatiformes. We show that Hemilutjanus is a malakichthyid, and our results corroborate earlier studies that have resolved a polyphyletic Polyprionidae; accordingly, we describe Stereolepididae, new family, for Stereolepis. With these revisions, the Acropomatiformes is now composed of the: Acropomatidae; Banjosidae; Bathyclupeidae; Champsodontidae; Creediidae; Dinolestidae; Epigonidae; Glaucosomatidae; Hemerocoetidae; Howellidae; Lateolabracidae; Malakichthyidae; Ostracoberycidae; Pempheridae; Pentacerotidae; Polyprionidae; Scombropidae; Stereolepididae, new family; Symphysanodontidae; Synagropidae; and Schuettea. Finally, using our new hypothesis, we demonstrate that acropomatiforms repeatedly evolved bioluminescence and transitioned between shallow waters and the deep sea.

Keywords:
Bioluminescence; Deep sea; Phylogeny; Taxonomy; UCE

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Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal, CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Cidade Universitária, 86055-900, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, Phone +55(43)3371-5151 - Londrina - PR - Brazil
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br

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Taxon	Total vertebrae (Precaudal+Caudal)	Dorsal-fin spines	Dorsal-fin rays	Anal-fin spines	Anal-fin rays	Pectoral-fin rays	Lateral-line scales	Procurrent spur	Supramaxilla
Acropomatidae	25 (10+15)	8–9	10	3	6–9	15–18	41–47	Present	Present
Banjosidae	25 (11+14)	9–10	11–13	3	6–8	14–17	46–52	Present	Absent
Bathyclupeidae	25–32 (many combinations)	0–1	8–9	1	26–39	23–29	33–38	Present	Present
Champsodontidae	29–33 (11–13+18–20)	4–7	18–23	0	16–21	11–16	N/A	Absent	Absent
Creediidae	37–60 (many combinations)	0	12–43	0	18–41	8–17	34–60	Absent	Absent
Dinolestidae	27 (10+17)	10	18–19	1	26–27	16–17	63–70	Present	Present
Epigonidae	25 (10–11+14–15)	7–9	7–11	1–3	7–10	15–23	46–52	Present	Absent
Glaucosomatidae	25 (10+15)	8	11–14	3	9–12	15–16	44–52	Present	Present
Hemerocoetidae	25–50 (many combinations)	0–7	13–43	0	16–42	15–21	32–36	Absent	Absent
Howellidae	24–27 (10–11+14–16)	8–10	8–10	3	6–8	13–17	27–53	Absent	Absent
Lateolabracidae	34–36 (17–18+17–18)	12–14	12–16	3	7–10	14–18	71–86	Present	Present
Malakichthyidae: Hemilutjanus	25 (10+15)	10	10–11	3	9	16–18	64–66	Present	Present
Malakichthyidae: Malakichthys	25 (10+15)	10	9–11	3	7–9	12–15	42–53	Present	Present
Malakichthyidae: Verilus	25 (10+15)	10	10	2–3	7–8	14–17	37–69	Present	Present
Ostracoberycidae	25–26 (10+15–16)	9–10	8–10	3	7–9	14–15	47–55	Present	Absent
Pempheridae	25 (10+15)	4–7	7–13	3	17–45	14–19	45–82	Variable	Absent
Pentacerotidae	24–27 (12–13+11–14)	4–15	8–29	2–6	7–45	16–18	46–76	Variable	Absent
Polyprionidae	26–27 (13+13–14)	11–12	11–13	3	8–10	17–18	84–98	Present	Present
Scombropidae	26 (10+16)	8–11	12–14	2–3	11–13	15–17	50–70	Present	Present
Stereolepididae	26 (12+14)	9–12	9–10	3	7–9	18–19	57–80	Present	Present
Symphysanodontidae	25–28 (10–11+15–17)	8–10	9–11	3–7	7–8	15–18	42–50	Variable	Absent
Synagropidae	25 (10+15)	9–11	8–10	2–3	6–9	15–18	28–33	Present	Present
Incertae sedis: Schuettea	24 (10+14)	5	28–31	3	28–32	14–18	46–50	Absent	Absent