FIGURE 1 |
Early drawings of Rhamphichthys species. A. Seba’s (1759) illustration of Rhamphichthys, later named by Linnaeus as Gymnotus rostratus (1766). B. Rhamphichthys marmoratus holotype from Castelnau (1855). C. Rhamphichthys rostratus from Bloch, Scheneider (1801), same specimen latter named as R. blochi by Kaup (1855). D. Rhamphichthys pantherinus holotype from Castelnau (1855). Drawings taken from the original publications and slightly modified to a clear white background.
FIGURE 2 |
Map showing the geographic distribution of Rhamphichthys in South America based on museum examined lots.
FIGURE 3 |
Scatter plots of principal component scores of 10 measurements. A. PC1 vs. PC2. B. PC1 vs. PC3. All seven species of Rhamphichthys: red = R. apurensis; blue R. drepanium; pink = R. hahni; yellow = R. heleios; pale green = R. lineatus; brown = R. pantherinus; and grey = R. rostratus. Grey circles in B represent the three putative morpho groups (G 1–3).
FIGURE 4 |
Rhamphichthys apurensis,ANSP 166484, 390 mm LEA, Laguna Mamo at Nuevo Mamo, Anzoátegui, Venezuela.
FIGURE 5 |
Detail of the head of Rhamphichthys apurensis, ANSP 166484, 390 mm LEA, Laguna Mamo at Nuevo Mamo, Anzoátegui, Venezuela.
FIGURE 6 |
Rhamphichthys apurensis, ANSP 160251, 248 mm LEA, Río Guariquito at confluence of Río Orinoco, Bolívar, Venezuela.
FIGURE 7 |
Coloration pattern of the lateral portion of body at about midlenght of LEA in Rhamphichthys. A. Rhamphichthys apurensis, ANSP162300, 390 mm LEA. B. Rhamphichthys drepanium from Orinoco Basin, ANSP 181071, 320 mm LEA. C. Rhamphichthys drepanium, INPA 17682, 375 mm LEA. D. Rhamphichthys hahni, MZUSP 59297,355 mm LEA. E. Rhamphichthys lineatus, MCP 26374, 340 mm LEA. F. Rhamphichhtys pantherinus, MCP 24814, 405 mm LEA. G. Rhamphichthys rostratus, ANSP 187120, 520 mm LEA. H. Rhamphichthys heleios, INPA 42308, 335 mm LEA.Anterior portion towards left.
FIGURE 8 |
Distribution of Rhamphichthys apurensis based on examined museum specimens. Red dot represents the approximate type-locality.
FIGURE 9 |
Holotype of Rhamphichthys drepanium, MZUSP 6893, 372 mm LEA, lago Janauari at confluence of rio Negro and rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brazil.
FIGURE 10 |
Detail of the head of holotype of Rhamphichthys drepanium, MZUSP 6893, 372 mm LEA, lago Janauari at confluence of rio Negro and rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brazil.
FIGURE 11 |
Rhamphichthys drepanium, INPA 17682, 375 mm LEA, confluence of rio Negro and rio Solimões at Costa do Catalão, Amazonas, Brazil.
FIGURE 12 |
Detail of the head of Rhamphichthys drepanium, INPA 17682, 375 mm LEA, confluence of rio Negro and rio Solimões at Costa do Catalão, Amazonas, Brazil.
FIGURE 13 |
Rhamphichthys drepanium, FMNH 102111, LEA not measured, Río Suripa between pumping station of Hato Mercedes and mouth in Río Anaro, Barinas, Venezuela.
FIGURE 14 |
Detail of the head of Rhamphichthys drepanium, FMNH 102111, LEA not measured, Río Suripa between pumping station of Hato Mercedes and mouth in Río Anaro, Barinas, Venezuela.
FIGURE 15 |
Coloration pattern of the dorsum in Rhamphichthys. A. Rhamphichthys aprurensis, ANSP162300, 390 mm LEA. B. Rhamphichthys drepanium, ANSP 181071, 313 mm LEA. C. Rhamphichthys hahni, FMNH108548, 370 mm LEA. D. Rhamphichthys lineatus, FMNH 114685, 290 mm LEA. E. Rhamphichhtys marmoratus MCP 39982, 320 mm LEA. F. Rhamphichthys rostratus, ANSP 187120, 520 mm LEA. G. Rhamphichthys heleios, INPA 42308, 335 mm LEA.Anterior portion towards right.
FIGURE 16 |
Posterior gas bladder in lateral view of A. Rhamphichthys drepanium, female, ANSP 128327.B. Rhamphichthys drepanium, female, ANSP 166557. C. Rhamphichthys drepanium, not sexed, ANSP 165186. D. Rhamphichthys hahni, not sexed, MACN 5983, 410 mm LEA. Anterior portion towards left. Scale bars = 10 mm.
FIGURE 17 |
Distribution of Rhamphichthys drepanium based on examined museum specimens. Red dot represents the type-locality.
FIGURE 18 |
Scatter plots of PC1 vs. PC2 of morphometric data of populations of Rhamphichthys drepanium and R. hahni. Red = Rhamphicthhys hahni; blue = R. drepanium (Amazon) and gray = R. drepanium (Orinoco).
FIGURE 19 |
Rhamphichthys hahni, holotype of Sternarchorhamphus hahni, ZMB 31367, 253 mm LEA, Río Paraná near Corrientes, Corrientes, Argentina.
FIGURE 20 |
Rhamphichthys hahni, detail of head of holotype of Sternarchorhamphus hahni, ZMB 31367, Río Paraná near Corrientes, Corrientes, Argentina.
FIGURE 21 |
Rhamphichthys hahni, MZUSP 59297,355 mm LEA, rio Novo at Brejo de Santa Sofia, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
FIGURE 22 |
Detail of head of Rhamphichthys hahni, MZUSP 59297, rio Novo at Brejo de Santa Sofia, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
FIGURE 23 |
Rhamphichthys hahni, FMNH 108066, 280 LEA, Río Paraguay at Estância Voluntad in Puerto Voluntad, Alto Paraguay, Paraguay.
FIGURE 24 |
Detail of the head of Rhamphichthys hahni, FMNH 108066, Río Paraguay at Estância Voluntad in Puerto Voluntad, Alto Paraguay, Paraguay.
FIGURE 25 |
Distribution of Rhamphichthys hahni based on examined museum specimens. Red dot represents the type-locality.
FIGURE 26 |
Holotype of Rhamphichthysheleios, INPA 42309, 375 mm LEA, confluence of rio Amazonas and Solimões at Costa do Catalão, Amazonas, Brazil.
FIGURE 27 |
Detail of the head of holotype of Rhamphichthys heleios, INPA 42309, 375 mm LEA, confluence of rio Amazonas and Solimões at Costa do Catalão, Amazonas, Brazil.
FIGURE 28 |
Paratype of Rhamphichthys heleios,juvenile, MCP 45545, 133 mm LEA, ilha do Martelo, Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil. Picture of the right side (figure horizontally inverted).
FIGURE 29 |
Detail of the head of paratype of Rhamphichthys heleios, MCP 45545, 133 mm LEA, ilha do Martelo, Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil. Picture of the right side (figure horizontally inverted).
FIGURE 30 |
Distribution of Rhamphichthys heleios based on examined museum specimens. Red dot represents the type-locality.
FIGURE 31 |
Holotype of Rhamphichthys lineatus, MNHN 3982, 530 mm LEA, lake near Río Ucayali, Peru.
FIGURE 32 |
Detail of the head of holotype of Rhamphichthys lineatus, MNHN 3982, lake near Río Ucayali, Peru.
FIGURE 33 |
Rhamphichthys lineatus, UF 116566, 390 mm LEA, Río Nanay, Loreto, Peru.
FIGURE 34 |
Rhamphichthys lineatus, ANSP 189537, 320 mm LEA, rio Amazonas upstream Itacoatiara, Amazonas, Brazil.
FIGURE 35 |
Distribution of Rhamphichthys lineatus based on examined museum specimens. Red dot represents the approximate type-locality.
FIGURE 36 |
Holotype of Rhamphichthys pantherinus, MNHN 3993, 730 mm LEA, lake near Río Ucayali, Peru.
FIGURE 37 |
Detail of the head of holotype of Rhamphichthys pantherinus, MNHN 3993, 730 mm LEA, lake near Río Ucayali, Peru.
FIGURE 38 |
Holotype of Rhamphichthys marmoratus, MNHN 3959, Rio Araguaia, Brazil.
FIGURE 39 |
Detail of the head of holotype of Rhamphichthys marmoratus, MNHN 3959, rio Araguaia, Brazil.
FIGURE 40 |
Rhamphichthys pantherinus, ANSP 182785, 410 mm LEA, Río Manapiare at mouth of Caño Yutaje 14 km NW of San Juan de Manapiare, Amazonas, Venezuela.
FIGURE 41 |
Detail of head of Rhamphichthys pantherinus, ANSP 182785, Río Manapiare at mouth of Caño Yutaje 14 km NW of San Juan de Manapiare, Amazonas, Venezuela.
FIGURE 42 |
Rhamphichthys pantherinus, holotype of Rhamphichthys atlanticus, MZUSP 43612, 690 LEA, lago Viana tributary to Pindare-Mearim System, Maranhão, Brazil.
FIGURE 43 |
Detail of the head of Rhamphichthys marmoratus, holotype of Rhamphichthys atlanticus, MZUSP 43612, 690 LEA, lago Viana tributary to Pindare-Mearim system, Maranhão, Brazil.
FIGURE 44 |
Rhamphichthys pantherinus, holotype of Rhamphichthys longior, MZUSP 48507, 850 mm LEA, lago Paru at confluence of rio Trombetas and rio Paru-do-Oeste, Pará, Brazil.
FIGURE 45 |
Detail of the head of Rhamphichthys pantherinus, holotype of Rhamphichthys longior, MZUSP 48507, 850 mm LEA, lago Paru at confluence of rio Trombetas and rio Paru-do-Oeste, Pará, Brazil.
FIGURE 46 |
Fry of Rhamphichthys pantherinus FMNH 103361, 28 mm LEA tributary to Río Cuyabeno about 3 km upstream Laguna Grande, Napo, Ecuador.
FIGURE 47 |
Head of juveniles of Rhamphichthys pantherinus,UMMZ 230841, 125 mm LEA (above), and Rhamphichthys rostratus,UMMZ 216489, 110 mm LEA (below), showing the snout size differences early on development.
FIGURE 48 |
Distribution of Rhamphichthys pantherinus based on examined museum specimens. Red dot represents the approximate type-locality. Yellow dot is Rhamphichthys atlanticus type-locality; blue dot is Rhamphichthys longior type-locality.
FIGURE 49 |
Linear regression of Rhamphichthys pantherinus populations. Blue circles = Amazon Basin (open circle = holotype of R. pantherinus); red circles = Mearim System (open circle = holotype of R. atlanticus); black circles = Trombetas basin (open circle = holotype of R. longior).
FIGURE 50 |
Scatter plots of PCA scores. A. PC 1 vs. PC 2; B. PC 1 vs. PC 3. PCA of Rhamphichthys pantherinus geographic populations: Red = Amazon; blue = Mearim (including R. atlanticus holotype); pink = Negro; golden = Tocantins (type-locality of R. marmoratus); brown = Tombetas (including types of R. longior); yellow = western Amazon (including R. pantherinus holotype) and grey = Xingu.
FIGURE 51 |
Rhamphichthys rostratus, ANSP 187120, 520 mm LEA, Lawa Lawa River Cataract west of base camp 8 km W of Anapaiake, Sipaliwini, Suriname.
FIGURE 52 |
Detail of head of Rhamphichthys rostratus, ANSP 187120, 520 mm LEA, Lawa Lawa River Cataract west of base camp 8 km W of Anapaiake, Sipaliwini, Suriname.
FIGURE 53 |
Rhamphichthys rostratus, holotype of Rhamphichthys blochii, ZMB 4089, 510 mm LEA, South America.
FIGURE 54 |
Rhamphichthys rostratus, holotype of Rhamphichthys blochii, ZMB 4089, 510 mm LEA, South America.
FIGURE 55 |
Rhamphichthys rostratus, holotype of Rhamphichthys reinhardti, MNHN 3956, 600 mm LEA, Brazil.
FIGURE 56 |
Detail of the head of Rhamphichthys rostratus, holotype of Rhamphichthys reinhardti, MNHN 3956, 600 mm LEA, Brazil.
FIGURE 57 |
Rhamphichthys rostratus, holotype of Rhamphichthys schneideri, MNHN 3957, 700 mm LEA, Cayenne, French Guiana.
FIGURE 58 |
Detail of the head of Rhamphichthys rostratus, holotype of Rhamphichthys schneideri MNHN 3957, 700 mm LEA, Cayenne, French Guiana.
FIGURE 59 |
Rhamphichthys rostratus, holotype of Rhamphichthys schomburgki, MNHN 3958, 700 mm LEA, Demerara, Guyana.
FIGURE 60 |
Detail of the head of Rhamphichthys rostratus, holotype of Rhamphichthys schomburgki MNHN 3958, 700 mm LEA, Demerara, Guyana.
FIGURE 61 |
Rhamphichthys rostratus, ANSP 182428, 445 mm LEA, fisherman catch purchased from canoe in Belen, Iquitos, reportedly from Lower Río Itaya, Loreto, Peru.
FIGURE 62 |
Detail of the head of Rhamphichthys rostratus, ANSP 182428, 445 mm LEA, fisherman catch purchased from canoe in Belen, Iquitos, reportedly from lower Río Itaya, Loreto, Peru.
FIGURE 63 |
Distribution of Rhamphichthys rostratus based on examined museum specimens.
FIGURE 64 |
Scatter plots of scores factored on principal component I and II. PCA of Rhamphichthys rostratus allopatric populations: Amazon (Red, not including the rio Negro basin; Coastal rivers of Guianas (Blue, type-locality) and rio Negro (Grey).