Sabaj, Mark Henry; Arce H., Mariangeles

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Original Article • Neotrop. ichthyol. 19 (04) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0064 copiar

Towards a complete classification of the Neotropical thorny catfishes (Siluriformes: Doradidae)

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

Propomos uma classificação revisada de Doradidae baseada na análise filogenética de dados moleculares dos genes rag1, co1 e 16s, e suportada pela morfologia da nadadeira caudal. A matriz molecular inclui 174 espécimes de doradídeos representando os 31 gêneros válidos, 83 das 96 espécies viventes e 17 táxons não descritos ou nominalmente não designados. As análises de parcimônia e bayesiana suportam seis linhagens principais de doradídeos atribuídas a três subfamílias nominais (Astrodoradinae, Doradinae, Wertheimerinae) e três novas subfamílias (Acanthodoradinae, Agamyxinae, Rhinodoradinae). A árvore de máxima parcimônia de Doradidae é sensível à densidade de grupo interno e a idade do grupo externo. Com exceção de Astrodoradinae e Doradinae, cada subfamília é diagnosticada por características da nadadeira caudal. Dentro da família Doradidae e da superfamília Aspredinioidea (Aspredinidae, Auchenipteridae e Doradidae), o maior grau de fusão entre os elementos da nadadeira caudal é observado nas linhagens mais antigas, Acanthodoradinae e Aspredinidae, respectivamente. A fusão entre os elementos da nadadeira caudal é maior em táxons com a caudal arredondada, truncada ou emarginada e esses táxons normalmente ocupam habitats lênticos rasos. Os elementos da nadadeira caudal são mais separados em táxons com a cauda bifurcada ocupando habitats lóticos em canais de rios médios a grandes.

Palavras-chave:
Biogeografia; Nadadeira caudal; Osteologia; Sistemática; Taxonomia.

Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá., Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Phone number: +55 44-3011-4632 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br

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[1] Edited-by

Marcelo Britto

	Caribbean (west of Andes)	Orinoco	Amazonas			Atlantic Coastal			La Plata
Subfamily			Upper (incl. Negro & Casiquiare)	Lower (incl. Madeira)	Tocantins	Guianas & Amapá, BR	Northern Brazil	Eastern Brazil	Uruguay & Yaguarón	Paraguay & Lower Paraná	Upper Paraná
Valid genus
Valid species
Acanthodoradinae new subfamily
Acanthodoras Bleeker, 1862
1* Acanthodoras cataphractus (Linnaeus, 1758)		X	X	X		X
2 Acanthodoras depressus (Steindachner, 1881)			X
3 Acanthodoras polygrammus (Kner, 1853)		X	X	X		X
? Acanthodoras spinosissimus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888)
Astrodoradinae Higuchi, Birindelli, Sousa & Britski, 2007
Amblydoras Bleeker, 1862
4* Amblydoras affinis (Kner, 1855)			X	?		Essequibo
? Amblydoras insculptus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1912)
5 Amblydoras gonzalezi (Fernández-Yépez, 1968)		X
6 Amblydoras monitor (Cope, 1872)			X	?
7* Amblydoras nauticus (Cope, 1874)			X	?
8* Amblydoras nheco (Higuchi, Birindelli, Sousa & Britski, 2007)										Paraguay
9 Amblydoras truncatus Bleeker, 1863			Madeira
Anadoras Eigenmann, 1925
10* Anadoras grypus (Cope, 1872)			X	X
11* Anadoras weddellii (Castelnau, 1855)				X	X	X				X
? Anadoras regani (Steindachner, 1908)
Astrodoras Bleeker, 1862
12* Astrodoras asterifrons (Kner, 1853)			X	X
Hypodoras Eigenmann, 1925
13* Hypodoras forficulatus Eigenmann, 1925			X
14* Physopyxis ananas Sousa & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2005		Upper	X	X		Essequibo
15 Physopyxis cristata Sousa & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2005			Negro
16* Physopyxis lyra Cope, 1872			X	X
Scorpiodoras Eigenmann, 1925
17* Scorpiodoras bolivarensis (Fernández-Yépez, 1968)		X
18 Scorpiodoras calderonensis (Vaillant, 1880)			Solimões
19* Scorpiodoras heckelii (Kner, 1855)		X	Negro	X
20 Scorpiodoras liophysus Sousa & Birindelli, 2011				Madeira
Wertheimerinae Birindelli, 2014
Franciscodoras Eigenmann, 1925
21* Franciscodoras marmoratus (Lütken, 1874)								São Francisco
Kalyptodoras Higuchi, Britski & Garavello, 1990
22* Kalyptodoras bahiensis Higuchi, Britski & Garavello, 1990								Paraguaçu
Wertheimeria Steindachner, 1877
23* Wertheimeria maculata Steindachner, 1877								Pardo & Jequitinhonha
Agamyxinae new subfamily
Agamyxis Cope, 1878
24* Agamyxis albomaculatus (Peters, 1877)		X
25* Agamyxis pectinifrons (Cope, 1870)			X	X
Rhinodoradinae new subfamily
Orinocodoras Myers, 1927
26* Orinocodoras eigenmanni Myers, 1927		X
Rhinodoras Bleeker, 1862
27* Rhinodoras armbrusteri Sabaj, 2008			Takutu			Essequibo
28* Rhinodoras boehlkei Glodek, Whitmire & Orcés V., 1976			X	X	X
29* Rhinodoras dorbignyi (Kner, 1855)									X	X	X
30* Rhinodoras gallagheri Sabaj, Taphorn & Castillo G., 2008		X
31* Rhinodoras thomersoni Taphorn & Lilyestrom, 1984	Maracaibo
Rhynchodoras Klausewitz & Rössel 1961
32 Rhynchodoras castilloi Birindelli, Sabaj & Taphorn, 2007		Apure
33* Rhynchodoras woodsi Glodek, 1976			X	X		Essequibo
34* Rhynchodoras xingui Klausewitz & Rössel, 1961				Xingu	X
Doradinae Bleeker, 1858
Anduzedoras Fernández-Yépez, 1968
35* Anduzedoras oxyrhynchus (Valenciennes, 1821)		X	Negro	X
Centrochir Agassiz, 1829
36* Centrochir birindellii (Sousa, Santana, Akama, Zuanon & Sabaj, 2018)				Xingu
37* Centrochir crocodili (Humboldt, 1821)	Magdalena
Centrodoras Eigenmann, 1925
38* Centrodoras brachiatus (Cope, 1872)			X	X
39* Centrodoras hasemani (Steindachner, 1915)			Negro
Doraops Schultz, 1944
40* Doraops zuloagai Schultz, 1944	Maracaibo
Doras Lacepède, 1803
41* Doras carinatus (Linnaeus, 1766)		Caroní				X
42 † Doras dioneae Sabaj, Aguilera & Lundberg, 2007
43* Doras higuchii Sabaj & Birindelli, 2008				X
44* Doras micropoeus (Eigenmann, 1912)						X
45* Doras phlyzakion Sabaj & Birindelli, 2008			X
46* Doras punctatus Kner, 1853			X	X						X
47 Doras zuanoni Sabaj & Birindelli, 2008					X
Hassar Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888
48* Hassar affinis (Steindachner, 1881)							X
49* Hassar gabiru Birindelli, Fayal & Wosiacki, 2011				Xingu
50* Hassar orestis (Steindachner, 1875)		X	X	X		Essequibo
51 Hassar shewellkeimi Sabaj & Birindelli, 2013				Tapajós
52* Hassar wilderi Kindle, 1895					X
Hemidoras Bleeker, 1858
53* Hemidoras boulengeri (Steindachner, 1915)			X	X
? Hemidoras morrisi Eigenmann, 1925
54* Hemidoras morei (Steindachner, 1881)		X	X			Essequibo
55* Hemidoras stenopeltis (Kner, 1855)			X	X
56* Hemidoras stuebelii (Steindachner, 1882)		X	X	X
Leptodoras Boulenger, 1898
57* Leptodoras acipenserinus (Günther, 1868)			X	Madeira
58* Leptodoras cataniai Sabaj, 2005			X	X	X
59* Leptodoras copei (Fernández-Yépez, 1968)		X	X	X
60* Leptodoras hasemani (Steindachner, 1915)		X	X	X	X	Essequibo
61* Leptodoras juruensis Boulenger, 1898			X	X
62* Leptodoras linnelli Eigenmann, 1912		X	X	X		X
63* Leptodoras marki Birindelli & Sousa, 2010				Xingu
64* Leptodoras myersi Böhlke,1970			X
65* Leptodoras nelsoni Sabaj, 2005		X
66* Leptodoras oyakawai Birindelli, Sousa & Sabaj, 2008				X
67* Leptodoras praelongus (Myers & Weitzman, 1956)		X	X	X	X	Essequibo
68 Leptodoras rogersae Sabaj, 2005		X
Lithodoras Bleeker, 1862
69* Lithodoras dorsalis (Valenciennes, 1840)			X	X	X	Amapá
Megalodoras Eigenmann, 1925
70* Megalodoras guayoensis (Fernández-Yépez, 1968)		X
71* Megalodoras uranoscopus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888)			X	X	X	Essequibo
Nemadoras Eigenmann, 1925
72* Nemadoras elongatus (Boulenger, 1898)			X	X
73* Nemadoras hemipeltis (Eigenmann, 1925)			X	X
74* Nemadoras humeralis (Kner, 1855)			X	X	X
75* Nemadoras trimaculatus (Boulenger, 1898)		X	X	X	X	Essequibo
Ossancora Sabaj & Birindelli, 2011
76* Ossancora asterophysa Birindelli & Sabaj, 2011			X	X
77 Ossancora eigenmanni (Boulenger, 1895)			X	X
78* Ossancora fimbriata (Kner, 1855)			X	X
Oxydoras Kner, 1855
79* Oxydoras kneri Bleeker, 1862										X
80* Oxydoras niger (Valenciennes, 1821)			X	X	X	Essequibo		? São Francisco
81* Oxydoras sifontesi Fernández-Yépez, 1968		X
Platydoras Bleeker, 1862
82* Platydoras armatulus (Valenciennes, 1840)		X	X	X	X					X
83* Platydoras brachylecis Piorski, Garavello, Arce H. & Sabaj, 2008							X
84* Platydoras costatus (Linnaeus, 1758)						X
85* Platydoras hancockii (Valenciennes, 1840)		X	Negro			Essequibo
86* Platydoras helicophilus (Günther, 1868)						Maroni
Pterodoras Bleeker, 1862
87* Pterodoras granulosus (Valenciennes, 1821)			X	X	X					X	Introduced
88* Pterodoras rivasi (Fernández-Yépez, 1950)		X
Tenellus Birindelli, 2014
89* Tenellus cristinae (Sabaj, Arce H., Sousa & Birindelli, 2014)		X	X	X
90* Tenellus leporhinus (Eigenmann, 1912)		X	Negro	X	X	Essequibo
91* Tenellus ternetzi (Eigenmann, 1925)
Trachydoras Eigenmann, 1925
92* Trachydoras brevis (Kner, 1853)			X	X		Essequibo
93* Trachydoras gepharti Sabaj & Arce H., 2017		X	X	X
94* Trachydoras microstomus (Eigenmann, 1912)		X	X	X		Essequibo
95* Trachydoras nattereri (Steindachner, 1881)			X	X		Essequibo
96* Trachydoras paraguayensis (Eigenmann & Ward, 1907)			? Solimões	X						X	Introduced
97* Trachydoras steindachneri (Perugia, 1897)			X	X
	3	31	57	53	16	25	2	3	1	8	1
			69 (Amazonas)

Subfamily	Caudal-fin shape	Principal caudal-fin rays	Upper/lower procurrent rays	Total rays: upper / lower	Typical caudal-skeleton formula	Alternative conditions	Comments	Preparations examined (SL in mm)
Genus or species	Caudal-fin shape	Principal caudal-fin rays	Upper/lower procurrent rays	Total rays: upper / lower	Typical caudal-skeleton formula	Alternative conditions	Comments	Preparations examined (SL in mm)
Acanthodoradinae, new subfamily
Acanthodoras Bleeker, 1862	evenly rounded	i,7/6-7,i	13–16/9–13	37–42: 21–24/16–20	PH+HY1+2; 3+4+5-PL; EP	upper hypural plate completely sutured to pleurostyle (3+4+5; PL) or completely fused to pleurostyle (3+4+5+PL)	upper hypural plate typically partially separated from pleurostyle via distal notch or incomplete suture	11: 4 alc, 2 sk (70-121.5), 6 cs (22.5–99)
Astrodoradinae Higuchi, Birindelli, Sousa & Britski, 2007
Anadoras Eigenmann, 1925	shallowly to moderately forked with upper lobe usually longer and lower lobe more rounded	i,7/7,i	12–13/13–14	41–42: 20–21/21–22	PH-HY1+2; 3+4; 5; PL; EP	none observed	lenticular window of thin bone between PH and HY1+2 with associated suture obsolete or nearly so	11: 5 alc (71.5–114), 2 sk (84–85), 4 cs (44.7–71)
Hypodoras Eigenmann, 1925	truncate to unevenly emarginate with upper branched rays scarcely longer than lower	i,6/6,i	11/10–12	35–37: 18/17–19	PH+HY1+2; 3+4+5; PL; EP	hypurals 3+4 and 5 separate (3+4; 5) or sutured proximally, fused distally (3+4–5) in juveniles (<56 mm SL)	HY3+4+5 appears as singular plate with no evidence of sutures, open gaps or bony windows in adults (>86 mm SL)	9: 5 alc (75.9–103), 1 sk (87), 3 cs (26.4–55.5)
Physopyxis Cope, 1871	truncate to unevenly emarginate with upper branched rays distinctly longer than lower	i,7/4-5,i	13–18/11–16	38–47: 21–26/16–21	PH+HY1+2; 3+4; 5; PL; EP	parhypural and hypural 1+2 separated by distinct suture (PH; HY1+2); hypurals 3+4 and 5 sutured proximally, fused distally (3+4–5)		14 cs (11–30.3)
Amblydoras Bleeker, 1862	truncate to deeply emarginate with upper lobe sometimes longer	i,7/7,i	14–16/12–14	42–48: 22–25/20–23	PH+HY1+2; 3+4; 5; PL; EP	hypurals 3 and 4 separate (3; 4) or incompletely fused (3–4) in some juveniles (<24 mm SL)	small juveniles (<19 mm SL) exhibit 4–6 (vs. 7) branched rays in lower lobe	24: 4 alc (63–86), 20 cs (15.2–95.2)
Astrodoras Bleeker, 1862			10–13/9–12	35–40: 18–21/17-20		hypurals 3+4 and 5 sutured proximally, fused distally (3+4–5) in smallest specimen (49.3 mm SL)	anteriormost 1–3 dorsal and ventral procurrent rays flattened into plates	8: 4 alc (72.1–74.3), 4 cs (49.3–69.2)
Scorpiodoras Eigenmann, 1925			12–16/10–14	38–44: 20–23/18–21		hypurals 3 and 4 with suture or slit proximally, fused distally (3–4); hypurals 3+4 and 5 fused (3+4+5)	lower caudal-fin lobe rarely with 6 (vs. 7) branched rays	7: 2 alc, 5 cs (14.9–67)
Wertheimerinae Birindelli, 2014
Franciscodoras Eigenmann, 1925	shallowly forked with lower lobe slightly more rounded	i,6–7/7,i	8–11/9–11	32–38: 15–19/17–19	PH; HY1+2; 3+4; 5; PL; EP	Birindelli (2014) reported that all hypural elements (PH, HY1 to 5) may be distinct in small juveniles	anteriormost 3–5 dorsal and ventral procurrent rays flattened into plates; Birindelli (2014:533) reported parhypural and hypural elements appearing distinct in small juveniles (i.e., PH; HY1; 2; 3; 4; 5)	14: 10 alc (102.1–177.7), 2 sk (123.5–217), 2 cs (106–123)
Kalyptodoras Higuchi, Britski & Garavello, 1990		i,7/7,i	12–13/11–14	39–43: 20–21/19–22				2 alc (143.3–174.9)
Wertheimeria Steindachner, 1877		i,7/7,i	15/14	45: 23/22		hypurals 1 and 2 separated by lenticular bony window (HY1–2)		9: 6 alc (102.1–122.1), 2 sk (123.5–217), 1 cs (106)
Agamyxinae, new subfamily
Agamyxis Cope, 1878	truncate to emarginate with rounded lobes	i,6/7,i	6–10/7–10	28–34: 13–17/14–18	PH-HY1+2; 3+4; 5; PL; EP	parhypural and hypural 1+2 completely fused (PH+HY1+2); hypurals 3+4 and 5 fused (3+4+5) in one specimen of A. albomaculatus (51.9 mm SL)	parhypural and hypural 1+2 typically fused distally, separated proximally by lenticular bony window that may include 1–2 open gaps and partial suture; bony window often completely occluded in larger specimens; anteriormost 4–8 dorsal and ventral procurrent rays flattened into plates	21: 5 alc (44–101.4), 16 cs (32.5–102.6)
Rhinodoradinae, new subfamily
Orinocodoras Myers, 1927	forked with pointed lobes	i,7/8,i	9–11/10–11	37–38: 17–19/19–20	PH; HY1+2; 3+4; 5; PL; EP	Birindelli (2010:226) reported PH+HY1+2 in R. thomersoni (MHNLS 109, 60.9 mm SL, cs)	anteriormost 3–10 dorsal and ventral procurrent rays flattened into plates	6: 3 alc, 1 sk (193), 2 cs (41.9–52.4)
Rhinodoras Bleeker, 1862			14–17/14–16	45–48: 22–24/23–24				6: 4 sk (130.4–161.5), 2 cs (60.9–69.7)
Rhynchodoras Klausewitz & Rössel, 1961			16–19/17–19	50–55: 24–27/26–28				2: 1 sk (88), 1 cs (88.3)
Doradinae Bleeker, 1858
Centrochir birindellii (Sousa, Santana, Akama, Zuanon & Sabaj, 2018)	shallowly forked with rounded lobes	i,7/8,i	10–17/10–14	37–48: 18–25/19–23	PH-HY1+2; 3+4; 5; PL; EP	none observed	parhypural and hypural 1+2 separated by partial suture visible proximally (obsolete distally) and set in or just dorsal to longer, lenticular, bony window; window occluded (but suture remnant persistant) in largest specimen	3: 2 sk (99.7–123.5), 1 cs (66.5)
Centrochir crocodili (Humboldt, 1821)	shallowly forked	i,7/8,i	13–14/12–13	42–44: 21–22/21–22	PH; HY1+2; 3+4; 5; PL; EP	parhypural and hypural 1+2 completely fused (PH+HY1+2) in one of five specimens	parhypural and hypural 1+2 typically separated complete suture set in lenticular bony window that may include small open gap; in largest specimen, suture obsolete, window occluded	6: 1 alc (149.3), 4 sk (119.9–140.5), 1 cs (133.9)
Platydoras Bleeker, 1862	shallowly forked with rounded lobes	i,7/8,i	11–13/9–11	37–41: 19–21/18–20	PH+HY1+2; 3+4; 5; PL; EP	parhypural and hypural 1+2 fused with lenticular bony window (PH-HY1+2)	parhypural and hypural 1+2 typically completely fused with suture obsolete; otherwise separated by bony window that may include open gap; anteriormost 3–5 dorsal and ventral procurrent rays flattened into plates	8: 7 sk (118–296), 1 cs (72.5)
remaining Doradinae	shallowly to deeply forked with pointed lobes	i,7/8,i	9–19/9–17	35–52: 17–27/18–26	PH; HY1+2; 3+4; 5; PL; EP	parhypural and hypural 1+2 sutured proximally, fused distally (PH–HY1+2); hypurals 3 and 4 sutured proximally, fused distally in some small juveniles	parhypural and hypural 1+2 typically separated by distinct and complete suture often just dorsal to sulcus or lenticular bony window that may include open gap; in some large specimens of Doraops, Megalodoras and Pterodoras, suture not visible distally and presumed obsolete (although the sulcus persists)	53: 18 sk (69–440), 35 cs (22.7–110)

Subfamily	*Arce H. et al.* (2013)**			Current study		GBS Change for Current Ingroup
Genus/Relationship	Species	Individuals	GBS	Species added	Individuals added	2013 Outgroup	Current Outgroup
Acanthodoradinae new subfamily	2	5	52	1	1	-19	-13
Astrodoradinae	15	16	30	–	–	+1	+4
Amblydoras	5	5	4	–	–	-1	+1
Anadoras	3	3	25	–	–	+3	+4
Astrodoras	2	2	6	–	–	-3	–
Physopyxis	2	2	48	–	–	–	-11
Scorpiodoras	2	3	14	–	–	-5	-3
Astrodoras + Hypodoras	3	3	13	–	–	–	+2
Wertheimerinae	3	7	31	–	–	-4	-2
Franciscodoras	1	2	12	–	–	+1	+1
Kalyptodoras	1	3	20	–	–	-3	-1
Wertheimeria	1	2	9	–	–	–	–
Franciscodoras + Kalyptodoras	2	5	6	–	–	-1	-2
Agamyxinae new subfamily	2	5	35	–	–	+1	+1
Rhinodoradinae new subfamily	7	8	17	2	3	+2	+3
Rhinodoras	5	5	5	1	2	–	–
Rhynchodoras	1	2	76	1	1	-29	-28
Orinocodoras + Rhinodoras	6	6	26	1	2	-5	-5
Doradinae	57	89	6	11	40	-1	-1
Centrochir*	1	2	nt	1	2	+3	+3
Centrodoras	2	3	6	–	1	–	–
Doras**	4	7	ns	1	2	+2	+2
Hassar	3	3	21	1	1	–	–
Hemidoras	3	3	10	1	1	-4	-4
Leptodoras	12	16	3	2	12	+3	+3
Megalodoras	2	2	2	1	1	–	–
Nemadoras	4	11	1	–	–	+1	+1
Ossancora***	2	4	3	–	–	-2	-2
Oxydoras	3	3	22	–	1	+5	+5
Platydoras	6	6	8	2	16	+5	+5
Pterodoras	2	4	16	1	1	-1	-1
Tenellus	3	9	3	–	–	+1	+1
Trachydoras	7	12	16	1	1	-3	-3
Anduzedoras + Leptodoras	13	18	4	2	12	+1	+1
Centrochir + Platydoras	7	8	3	3	18	+1	+1
Centrodoras + Lithodoras+ Megalodoras	5	6	22	1	2	+3	+3
Doraops+ Pterodoras	3	5	13	1	2	+4	+4
Hemidoras + Ossancora	5	7	11	1	2	-3	-3
Lithodoras + Megalodoras	3	3	8	1	1	-1	-1
fimbriate-barbel doradids	39	67	23	6	17	-2	-1
Higher-level relationships
Rhinodoradinae + Doradinae	64	97	3	13	43	–	-2
Agamyxinae + Rhinodoradinae + Doradinae	66	102	15	13	43	–	-1
Wertheimerinae + Agamyxinae + Rhinodoradinae + Doradinae	69	109	13	13	43	-2	+3
Acanthodoradinae + Wertheimerinae + Agamyxinae + Rhinodoradinae +Doradinae	71	114	2	14	44	ns	ns
Astrodoradinae + Wertheimerinae + Agamyxinae + hinodoradinae +Doradinae	84	125	ns	14	43	+2	+2
Doradidae	86	130	ns	14	44	ns	+5

Higher-level classification	Voucher data					GenBank Accession No.
SUBORDER: Superfamily
Family Terminal taxon	Voucher museum and catalog no. when available	Voucher tag or other identifier	ANSP tissue reference number	Country	Basin: Sub-basins	*rag 1*	*CO1*	*16S*
DIPLOMYSTOIDEI
Diplomystidae Eigenmann, 1890
Diplomystes nahuelbutaensis Arratia, 1987	ANSP 180476	4515	t499	Chile	Bio Bio: Laja	DQ492574.1a	EF014945.1b	AP012011c
SILUROIDEI
Cetopsidae Bleeker, 1858
Cetopsis coecutiens (Lichtenstein, 1819)	ANSP 182760	P6118	t1883	Peru	Amazon	MF489619	MF489362	MF489296
Helogenes marmoratus Günther, 1863	INHS 49125	T426	t13700	Guyana	Demerara	DQ492586	–	MT355999
SILUROIDEI: Aspredinoidea
Aspredinidae Adams, 1854
Amaralia hypsiura (Kner, 1855)	ANSP 197607	t4103	t11334	Brazil	Amazon: Xingu: Jarauaçu	MF489532	KT820068	MF489323
Aspredinichthys tibicen (Valenciennes, 1840)	ROM 87369	T08362	–	Guyana	Moruka: Barima-Waini	MF489538	MF489354	MF489281
*Aspredo aspredo (Linnaeus, 1758)	ANSP 191475	CALH 205	t2094	Brazil	Amazon: Trombetas	–	KC555595	KC555853
Bunocephalus coracoideus (Cope, 1874)	LBP 6974	34015	–	Brazil	Amazon: Negro	MF489337	MF489425	MF489337
Ernstichthys megistus (Orcés V., 1961)	AUM 57485	t10371	–	Peru	Amazon: Madeira: Madre de Dios	MF489590	MF489380	MF489325
Pseudobunocephalus iheringii (Boulenger, 1891)	MCP 23009	JAC007	–	Brazil	Laguna dos Patos	MF489596	MF489373	MF489342
*Pseudobunocephalus rugosus (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903)	ANSP 185102	A5067	t2091	Argentina	Paraná: Guayquiraro	KC555830	KC555682	KC555935
Pterobunocephalus depressus (Haseman, 1911)	ANSP 180019	T2330	t11064	Guyana	Amazon: Negro: Branco	MF489604	MF489436	MF489286
*Xyliphius sofiae Sabaj, Carvalho & Reis, 2017	ANSP 182322	P6291	t1513	Peru	Amazon	KC555831	KU736764	KC555965
Auchenipteridae Bleeker, 1862
Ageneiosus inermis (Linnaeus, 1766)	ANSP 181020	A5026	t4815	Argentina	Paraná: Guayquiraro	MT431627	MT712791	MT356000
*Ageneiosus inermis (Linnaeus, 1766)	ANSP 189090	6996	t1519	Suriname	Maroni: Litanie	KC555823	–	KC555843
Ageneiosus magoi Castillo & Brull G., 1989	ANSP 198873	t4781	t12994	Venezuela	Orinoco: Apure	MT431626	MT712792	MT356001
Ageneiosus militaris Valenciennes, 1835	ANSP 182423	A5031	t4812	Argentina	Paraná: Guayquiraro	MT671303	MT712793	MT356002
Ageneiosus pardalis Lütken, 1874	CZUT 11755	59	t13295	Colombia	Atrato	MT671304	MT712794	MT356003
Ageneiosus pardalis Lütken, 1874	CZUT 11856	35	t13294	Colombia	Atrato	MT671305	MT708514	MT356004
Ageneiosus ucayalensis Castelnau, 1855	ROM 83897	T04098	t13902	Guyana	Essequibo: Mazaruni	MT671306	MT712795	MT356005
*Ageneiosus ucayalensis Castelnau, 1855	INHS 52920	26669	t4932	Peru	Amazon: Napo	DQ492540	EU490849	unpublished
Ageneiosus uranophthalmus Ribeiro & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2010	ANSP 188784	P4904	t9901	Venezuela	Amazon: Negro: Casiquiare	MT671307	MT712796	MT356007
Auchenipterichthys coracoideus (Eigenmann & Allen, 1942)	ANSP 182589	P6302	t1787	Peru	Amazon: Nanay	–	MT712797	MT356008
Auchenipterus dentatus Valenciennes, 1840	ANSP 189102	7032	t2298	Suriname	Maroni: Litanie	MT671308	MT712798	MT356009
*Auchenipterus nigripinnis (Boulenger, 1895)	ANSP 182418	A5053	t2090	Argentina	Paraná: Guayquiraro	KC555824	KC555598	KC555856
Balroglanis schultzi (Rössel, 1962)	ANSP 193030	B2120	t5906	Brazil	Amazon: Xingu	MT671309	MT712799	MT356010
*Centromochlus heckelii (De Filippi, 1853)	ANSP 182773	CALH –	–	Brazil	Amazon	DQ492465	–	MT356011
Centromochlus heckelii (De Filippi, 1853)	ANSP 182253	P6114	t1881	Peru	Amazon	–	MT712800	MT356012
Duringlanis perugiae (Steindachner, 1882) d	ANSP 180565	t4812	t1165	Peru	Amazon: Madeira: Madre de Dios	MT711301	MT712801	MT356013
Epapterus dispilurus Cope, 1878	INHS 54692	26896	t4938	Peru	Amazon	MT671310	MT712802	MT356014
*Gelanoglanis sp. “Madre de Dios”	ANSP 180806	P4074	t1174	Peru	Amazon: Madeira: Madre de Dios	KC555825	KC555612	KC555870