Espiritualidade nas organizações?

Tecchio, Edivandro Luiz; Cunha, Cristiano José Castro de Almeida; Santos, Fabiana Besen

doi:10.1590/1984-9230794

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Articles • Organ. Soc. 23 (79) • Oct-Dec 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-9230794 copiar

Espiritualidade nas organizações?

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever de que forma a espiritualidade nas organizações vem sendo tratada nas pesquisas nacionais e internacionais. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão teórica, a partir de uma busca sistemática da literatura nas bases de dados Scopus e a SciELO. No levantamento retornaram 551 artigos, sendo que 118 estavam disponíveis na integra. Após a leitura foram selecionados 72 artigos para análise. Dos artigos selecionados, emergiram sete grandes temas que são tratados ao longo desse artigo: os fatores que induzem o desenvolvimento da espiritualidade nas organizações; a diferença entre espiritualidade e religião; definição/conceito de espiritualidade nas organizações; os benefícios da espiritualidade para as organizações; as dimensões da espiritualidade nas organizações; os valores da espiritualidade nas organizações; e as formas de identificar/mensurar a espiritualidade nas organizações. De forma geral, constatou-se que a espiritualidade nas organizações ganha força entre acadêmicos e gestores e não pode mais ser ignorada. Apesar das pesquisas realizadas até o momento serem encorajadoras, novas pesquisas são necessárias, incluindo pesquisas empíricas, de forma a elucidar e consolidar o entendimento a respeito da temática bem como sua importância para as pessoas e organizações.

Palavras-chave
Organizações; Espiritualidade; Espiritualidade nas Organizações

Spirituality	Religion	Researchers
An inner desire and feeling of community.	A system of organised belief.	DUCHON, PLOWMAN (2005)DUCHON, D.; PLOWMAN, D. A. Nurturing the spirit at work: impact on work unit performance. The Leadership Quarterly, v. 16, 2005. ASHMOS, DUCHON (2000)ASHMOS, D. P.; DUCHON, D. Spirituality at work: conceptualization and measure. Journal of Management Inquiry, v. 9, n. 2, 2000.
Appropriate topic of discussion in organizations.	Inappropriate topic of discussion in organizations.	MITROFF, DENTON (1999)MITROFF, I.; DENTON, Elizabeth A. A spiritual audit of corporate America: A hard look at spirituality, religion, and values in the workplace. Jossey-Bass, 1999.
Not dependent on any form of religion.	May serve as a vehicle to nurture and understand explicit spirituality.	KALE (2004)KALE, S. H. Spirituality, religion, and globalization. Journal of Macromarketing, v. 24, n. 2, pp. 92-107, 2004.
Broader concept which represents beliefs and values.	More restricted concept, which refers to behaviour. It has dictated principles, dogmas and doctrines.	FRY (2003)FRY, L. W. Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The leadership quarterly, v. 14, n. 6, pp. 693-727, 2003.
Is concerned with the qualities of the human spirit.	System of beliefs, ritual prayers, rites, ceremonies and formal practices.	FRY, SLOCUM Jr., (2008)FRY, L. W. SLOCUM, J. W. Jr. Maximizing the triple bottom line through spiritual leadership. Organizational Dynamics, v. 37, n. 1, 2008. ASHMOS, DUCHON (2000)ASHMOS, D. P.; DUCHON, D. Spirituality at work: conceptualization and measure. Journal of Management Inquiry, v. 9, n. 2, 2000.
Not operated in terms of affiliation or sectarian ideas.	Characterised by measures of church attendance, amount of prayer, participation at church and related activities, among others.	GIACALONE, JURKIEWICZ (2003)GIACALONE, R. A.; JURKIEWICZ, C. L. (Ed.). Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance. Me Sharpe, 2003.
Parochial and exclusive.	Non-sectarian and international.	SOLOMON (2003)SOLOMON, R. C. Espiritualidade para céticos: paixão, verdade cósmica e racionalidade no século XXI. Civilização Brasileira. Rio de Janeiro, 2003.

Concept	Authors
Experiences of self-transcendence, meaning and community in the workplace by workers. It also recognises that these experiences may come from various mechanisms, including organizational ones.	PAWAR, 2008PAWAR, B. S. Two approaches to workplace spirituality facilitation: a comparison and implications. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, v. 29, n. 6, 2008.
A quest to find sustainability, understanding, authenticity, meaning and a holistic and deep understanding of existential being and its relation/inter-relation with the sacred and transcendent.	KARAKAS, 2010KARAKAS, F. Spirituality and Performance in Organizations: a Literature Review. Journal of Business Ethics, v. 94, 2010.
Recognition that employees have an inner life that nurtures and is nurtured by significant work that takes place within a community context.	ASHMOS, DUCHON, 2000ASHMOS, D. P.; DUCHON, D. Spirituality at work: conceptualization and measure. Journal of Management Inquiry, v. 9, n. 2, 2000.
Workplace spirituality is having compassion for others, experiencing a feeling of inner awareness, in search of significant work that allows transcendence.	PETCHSAWANG, DUCHON 2009
A set of organizational values illustrated in the culture which seeks to promote workers having transcendental experiences through the work process, facilitating its connection with feelings of compassion and happiness.	JURKIEWICZ, GIACALONE, 2004JURKIEWICZ, C. L.; GIACALONE, R. A. A values framework for measuring the impact of workplace spirituality on organizational performance. Journal of Business Ethics, v. 49, 2004.
Spirituality in organizations as being constituted by opportunities to engage in meaningful work, in the context of a community, experiencing a feeling of happiness and respect for inner life.	REGO, SOUTO, CUNHA, 2007REGO, A.; CUNHA, M. P.; SOUTO, S. Espiritualidade nas organizações e comprometimento organizacional. RAE eletrônica, v. 6, n. 2, 2007.

BENEFITS	AUTHOR
Reduction in vices in the workplace, a deeper feeling of the meaning and purpose at work, sense of community, increased well-being and loyalty.	KARAKAS, 2010KARAKAS, F. Spirituality and Performance in Organizations: a Literature Review. Journal of Business Ethics, v. 94, 2010.
Increased morale, sense of belonging to the organization.	GARCIA-ZAMOR, 2003GARCIA-ZAMOR, J.-C. Workplace spirituality and organizational performance. Public Administration Review, v. 63, n. 3, 2003.; KARAKAS, 2010KARAKAS, F. Spirituality and Performance in Organizations: a Literature Review. Journal of Business Ethics, v. 94, 2010.
Increased productivity and creativity	GARCIA-ZAMOR, 2003GARCIA-ZAMOR, J.-C. Workplace spirituality and organizational performance. Public Administration Review, v. 63, n. 3, 2003. E 2004; KARAKAS, 2010KARAKAS, F. Spirituality and Performance in Organizations: a Literature Review. Journal of Business Ethics, v. 94, 2010.; ALTAF; AWAN, 2011ALTAF, A.; AWAN, M. A. Moderating affect of workplace spirituality on the relationship of job overload and job satisfaction. Journal of Business Ethics, v. 104, 2011.; DUSCHON; PLOWMAN, 2005DUCHON, D.; PLOWMAN, D. A. Nurturing the spirit at work: impact on work unit performance. The Leadership Quarterly, v. 16, 2005.; REGO, SOUTO, CUNHA, 2007REGO, A.; CUNHA, M. P.; SOUTO, S. Espiritualidade nas organizações e comprometimento organizacional. RAE eletrônica, v. 6, n. 2, 2007.
Reduction in stress	KARAKAS, 2010KARAKAS, F. Spirituality and Performance in Organizations: a Literature Review. Journal of Business Ethics, v. 94, 2010.; ALTAF; AWAN, 2011ALTAF, A.; AWAN, M. A. Moderating affect of workplace spirituality on the relationship of job overload and job satisfaction. Journal of Business Ethics, v. 104, 2011.
Greater commitment to the organization	MILLIMAN, CZAPLEWSKI, FERGUSON, 2003MILLIMAN, J.; CZAPLEWSKI, A. J.; FERGUSON, J. Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: an exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change Management, v. 16, n. 4, 2003.; KARAKAS, 2010KARAKAS, F. Spirituality and Performance in Organizations: a Literature Review. Journal of Business Ethics, v. 94, 2010.; ALTAF; AWAN, 2011ALTAF, A.; AWAN, M. A. Moderating affect of workplace spirituality on the relationship of job overload and job satisfaction. Journal of Business Ethics, v. 104, 2011.; JURKIEWICZ, GIACALONE, 2004JURKIEWICZ, C. L.; GIACALONE, R. A. A values framework for measuring the impact of workplace spirituality on organizational performance. Journal of Business Ethics, v. 49, 2004.; DUSCHON; PLOWMAN, 2005DUCHON, D.; PLOWMAN, D. A. Nurturing the spirit at work: impact on work unit performance. The Leadership Quarterly, v. 16, 2005.; GARCIA-ZAMOR, 2003GARCIA-ZAMOR, J.-C. Workplace spirituality and organizational performance. Public Administration Review, v. 63, n. 3, 2003.; REGO, SOUTO, CUNHA, 2007REGO, A.; CUNHA, M. P.; SOUTO, S. Espiritualidade nas organizações e comprometimento organizacional. RAE eletrônica, v. 6, n. 2, 2007.; BENEFIEL, 2010
Increased happiness	GARCIA-ZAMOR, 2003GARCIA-ZAMOR, J.-C. Workplace spirituality and organizational performance. Public Administration Review, v. 63, n. 3, 2003.; DUSCHON; PLOWMAN, 2005DUCHON, D.; PLOWMAN, D. A. Nurturing the spirit at work: impact on work unit performance. The Leadership Quarterly, v. 16, 2005.
Greater job satisfaction	MILLIMAN, CZAPLEWSKI, FERGUSON, 2003MILLIMAN, J.; CZAPLEWSKI, A. J.; FERGUSON, J. Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: an exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change Management, v. 16, n. 4, 2003.; ALTAF; AWAN, 2011ALTAF, A.; AWAN, M. A. Moderating affect of workplace spirituality on the relationship of job overload and job satisfaction. Journal of Business Ethics, v. 104, 2011.; DUSCHON; PLOWMAN, 2005DUCHON, D.; PLOWMAN, D. A. Nurturing the spirit at work: impact on work unit performance. The Leadership Quarterly, v. 16, 2005.; GARCIA-ZAMOR, 2003GARCIA-ZAMOR, J.-C. Workplace spirituality and organizational performance. Public Administration Review, v. 63, n. 3, 2003.; REGO, SOUTO, CUNHA, 2007
Greater involvement with work and increased self-esteem	MILLIMAN, CZAPLEWSKI, FERGUSON, 2003MILLIMAN, J.; CZAPLEWSKI, A. J.; FERGUSON, J. Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: an exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change Management, v. 16, n. 4, 2003.
Lower staff turnover	MILLIMAN, CZAPLEWSKI, FERGUSON, 2003MILLIMAN, J.; CZAPLEWSKI, A. J.; FERGUSON, J. Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: an exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change Management, v. 16, n. 4, 2003.; ALTAF; AWAN, 2011ALTAF, A.; AWAN, M. A. Moderating affect of workplace spirituality on the relationship of job overload and job satisfaction. Journal of Business Ethics, v. 104, 2011.; DUSCHON; PLOWMAN, 2005DUCHON, D.; PLOWMAN, D. A. Nurturing the spirit at work: impact on work unit performance. The Leadership Quarterly, v. 16, 2005.; REGO, SOUTO, CUNHA, 2007REGO, A.; CUNHA, M. P.; SOUTO, S. Espiritualidade nas organizações e comprometimento organizacional. RAE eletrônica, v. 6, n. 2, 2007.
Improved personal relations at work, improved communication, increased confidence among workers, increase in ethical behaviour, improved performance, improved decision-making, more innovation and increase in personal fulfilment	ALTAF; AWAN, 2011ALTAF, A.; AWAN, M. A. Moderating affect of workplace spirituality on the relationship of job overload and job satisfaction. Journal of Business Ethics, v. 104, 2011.
Greater motivation and more adaptability	JURKIEWICZ, GIACALONE, 2004JURKIEWICZ, C. L.; GIACALONE, R. A. A values framework for measuring the impact of workplace spirituality on organizational performance. Journal of Business Ethics, v. 49, 2004.
Reduced absenteeism	DUSCHON; PLOWMAN, 2005DUCHON, D.; PLOWMAN, D. A. Nurturing the spirit at work: impact on work unit performance. The Leadership Quarterly, v. 16, 2005.

DIMENSIONS OF SPIRITUALITY	AUTHORS
Conditions for community	ASHMOS, DUCHON, 2000ASHMOS, D. P.; DUCHON, D. Spirituality at work: conceptualization and measure. Journal of Management Inquiry, v. 9, n. 2, 2000.. REGO, SOUTO, CUNHA, 2007REGO, A.; CUNHA, M. P.; SOUTO, S. Espiritualidade nas organizações e comprometimento organizacional. RAE eletrônica, v. 6, n. 2, 2007.; MILLIMAN, CZAPLEWSKI, FERGUSON 2003MILLIMAN, J.; CZAPLEWSKI, A. J.; FERGUSON, J. Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: an exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change Management, v. 16, n. 4, 2003.; PAWAR, 2009______. Some of the recent organizational behavior concepts as precursors to workplace spirituality. Journal of Business Ethics, v. 88, n. 2, 2009a.; HARRINGTON; PREZIOSI, GOODEN, 2001HARRINGTON, W. J.; PREZIOSI, R. C.; GOODEN, D. J. Perceptions of workplace spirituality among professionals and executives, Employee Responsibilities & Rights Journal, v. 13, n. 3, 2001.; GONÇALVES, 2011GONÇALVES, M. J. L. A espiritualidade no local de trabalho e a performance em contexto organizacional português: um estudo empírico. Dissertation for a Master’s in Management presented to the Faculty of Economics at the University of Coimbra. Coimbra, Portugal, 2011. Available at: <https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/18809/1/Tese_Maria%20Joel.pdf>. Last access on: 10th April, 2013. https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/... ; SILVA, 2012SILVA, C. R. N. M. - A espiritualidade nas organizações : um estudo empírico. Dissertation for a Master’s in Marketing presented to the Faculty of Economics at the University of Coimbra. Coimbra, 2012. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10316/21344. Last access in April 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/21344... ;
Meaningful work	ASHMOS, DUCHON, 2000ASHMOS, D. P.; DUCHON, D. Spirituality at work: conceptualization and measure. Journal of Management Inquiry, v. 9, n. 2, 2000.; MILLIMAN, CZAPLEWSKI, FERGUSON 2003MILLIMAN, J.; CZAPLEWSKI, A. J.; FERGUSON, J. Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: an exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change Management, v. 16, n. 4, 2003.; PETCHSAWANGA, DUCHON, 2009PETCHSAWANGA, P.; DUCHON, D. Measuring workplace spirituality in an Asian context. Human Resource Development International, v. 12, n. 4, 2009.; PAWAR, 2009______. Some of the recent organizational behavior concepts as precursors to workplace spirituality. Journal of Business Ethics, v. 88, n. 2, 2009a.; HARRINGTON, PREZIOSI, GOODEN, 2001HARRINGTON, W. J.; PREZIOSI, R. C.; GOODEN, D. J. Perceptions of workplace spirituality among professionals and executives, Employee Responsibilities & Rights Journal, v. 13, n. 3, 2001.
Inner life	ASHMOS, DUCHON, 2000ASHMOS, D. P.; DUCHON, D. Spirituality at work: conceptualization and measure. Journal of Management Inquiry, v. 9, n. 2, 2000.; REGO, SOUTO, CUNHA, 2007REGO, A.; CUNHA, M. P.; SOUTO, S. Espiritualidade nas organizações e comprometimento organizacional. RAE eletrônica, v. 6, n. 2, 2007.; HARRINGTON, PREZIOSI, GOODEN, 2001HARRINGTON, W. J.; PREZIOSI, R. C.; GOODEN, D. J. Perceptions of workplace spirituality among professionals and executives, Employee Responsibilities & Rights Journal, v. 13, n. 3, 2001.; GONÇALVES, 2011GONÇALVES, M. J. L. A espiritualidade no local de trabalho e a performance em contexto organizacional português: um estudo empírico. Dissertation for a Master’s in Management presented to the Faculty of Economics at the University of Coimbra. Coimbra, Portugal, 2011. Available at: <https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/18809/1/Tese_Maria%20Joel.pdf>. Last access on: 10th April, 2013. https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/... ; SILVA, 2012SILVA, C. R. N. M. - A espiritualidade nas organizações : um estudo empírico. Dissertation for a Master’s in Marketing presented to the Faculty of Economics at the University of Coimbra. Coimbra, 2012. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10316/21344. Last access in April 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/21344...
Happiness at work	REGO, SOUTO, CUNHA, 2007REGO, A.; CUNHA, M. P.; SOUTO, S. Espiritualidade nas organizações e comprometimento organizacional. RAE eletrônica, v. 6, n. 2, 2007.
The individual's alignment with the organization's values	REGO, SOUTO, CUNHA, 2007REGO, A.; CUNHA, M. P.; SOUTO, S. Espiritualidade nas organizações e comprometimento organizacional. RAE eletrônica, v. 6, n. 2, 2007.; MILLIMAN, CZAPLEWSKI, FERGUSON 2003MILLIMAN, J.; CZAPLEWSKI, A. J.; FERGUSON, J. Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: an exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change Management, v. 16, n. 4, 2003.; GONÇALVES, 2011GONÇALVES, M. J. L. A espiritualidade no local de trabalho e a performance em contexto organizacional português: um estudo empírico. Dissertation for a Master’s in Management presented to the Faculty of Economics at the University of Coimbra. Coimbra, Portugal, 2011. Available at: <https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/18809/1/Tese_Maria%20Joel.pdf>. Last access on: 10th April, 2013. https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/... ; SILVA, 2012SILVA, C. R. N. M. - A espiritualidade nas organizações : um estudo empírico. Dissertation for a Master’s in Marketing presented to the Faculty of Economics at the University of Coimbra. Coimbra, 2012. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10316/21344. Last access in April 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/21344...
Feeling of value to the community	REGO, SOUTO, CUNHA, 2007REGO, A.; CUNHA, M. P.; SOUTO, S. Espiritualidade nas organizações e comprometimento organizacional. RAE eletrônica, v. 6, n. 2, 2007.; GONÇALVES, 2011GONÇALVES, M. J. L. A espiritualidade no local de trabalho e a performance em contexto organizacional português: um estudo empírico. Dissertation for a Master’s in Management presented to the Faculty of Economics at the University of Coimbra. Coimbra, Portugal, 2011. Available at: <https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/18809/1/Tese_Maria%20Joel.pdf>. Last access on: 10th April, 2013. https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/... ; SILVA, 2012SILVA, C. R. N. M. - A espiritualidade nas organizações : um estudo empírico. Dissertation for a Master’s in Marketing presented to the Faculty of Economics at the University of Coimbra. Coimbra, 2012. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10316/21344. Last access in April 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/21344...
Compassion, full attention (inner awareness) and transcendence	PETCHSAWANGA, DUCHON, 2009PETCHSAWANGA, P.; DUCHON, D. Measuring workplace spirituality in an Asian context. Human Resource Development International, v. 12, n. 4, 2009.
Positive organizational purpose	PAWAR, 2009______. Some of the recent organizational behavior concepts as precursors to workplace spirituality. Journal of Business Ethics, v. 88, n. 2, 2009a.
Spiritual practices implemented at the organization	GONÇALVES, 2011GONÇALVES, M. J. L. A espiritualidade no local de trabalho e a performance em contexto organizacional português: um estudo empírico. Dissertation for a Master’s in Management presented to the Faculty of Economics at the University of Coimbra. Coimbra, Portugal, 2011. Available at: <https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/18809/1/Tese_Maria%20Joel.pdf>. Last access on: 10th April, 2013. https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/...

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