Molybdenum and nickel foliar application on soybean yield and oil and protein contents

Moreira, Adônis; Cardoso, Bruna Miguel; Dameto, Larissa Sartori; Delfim, Jorge; Moraes, Larissa Alexandra Cardoso; Lazarini, Edson

doi:10.1590/S1678-3921.pab2024.v59.03728

Adônis Moreira Corresponding author

Embrapa Soja, Rodovia Carlos João Strass, s/nº, Acesso Orlando Amaral, Distrito de Warta, Caixa Postal 4006, CEP 86085-981 Londrina, PR, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4023-5990

Bruna Miguel Cardoso

Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445), Km 380, Campus Universitário, Caixa Postal 10.011, CEP 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4867-7630

Larissa Sartori Dameto

Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445), Km 380, Campus Universitário, Caixa Postal 10.011, CEP 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1921-0895

Jorge Delfim

Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Câmpus de Dracena, Rodovia Comandante João Ribeiro de Barros (SP 294), Km 651, Bairro das Antas, CEP 17915-899 Dracena, SP, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3366-2698

Larissa Alexandra Cardoso Moraes

Embrapa Soja, Rodovia Carlos João Strass, s/nº, Acesso Orlando Amaral, Distrito de Warta, Caixa Postal 4006, CEP 86085-981 Londrina, PR, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7296-2936

Edson Lazarini

Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Câmpus Ilha Solteira, Avenida Brasil, nº 56, Centro, CEP 15385-0070 Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5394-0635

Corresponding author

Figures (2)
Tables (4)

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Figure 1
Monthly average rainfall and temperature during the experimental period in the 2021/2022 soybean (Glycine max) growing season in the municipalities of Selvíria, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul (A), and Londrina, in the state of Paraná (B), Brazil.

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Figure 2
Grain yield due to the foliar application of molybdenum within each nickel rate (0, 60, and 120 g ha^-1) for two soybean (Glycine max) genotypes cultivated in different municipalities in Brazil: 'Brasmax Desafio RR' (A), in Londrina, in the state of Paraná; and 'TMG 7063 IPRO' (B) and 'Brasmax Desafio RR' (C), in Selvíria, in the state of Mato Grosso. *Significant at 5% probability in the 2021/2022 growing season.

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Table 1
Soil chemical attributes before the beginning of the experiments in the municipalities of Londrina and Selvíria, respectively, in the states of Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

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Table 2
Correlations of grain yield (GY) with yield components and oil and protein contents in the grains of soybean (Glycine max) genotypes evaluated in the municipality of Londrina ('Brasmax Desafio RR'), in the state of Paraná, and of Selvíria ('Brasmax Desafio RR' and 'TMG 7063 IPRO'), in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

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Table 3
Yield components and of grain oil and protein contents and uptake (grain yield × contents) in the 2021/2022 growing season as a function of the foliar application of molybdenum and nickel to soybean (Glycine max) genotypes cultivated in the municipality of Londrina ('Brasmax Desafio RR'), in the state of Paraná, and of Selvíria ('Brasmax Desafio RR' and 'TMG 7063 IPRO'), in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil⁽¹⁾.

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Table 4
Mean of the yield components and of grain oil and protein contents in the 2021/2022 growing season as a function of the foliar application of molybdenum and nickel to soybean (Glycine max) genotypes cultivated in the municipality of Londrina ('Brasmax Desafio RR'), in the state of Paraná, and of Selvíria ('Brasmax Desafio RR' and 'TMG 7063 IPRO'), in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil⁽¹⁾.

Attribute⁽¹⁾	Londrina	Selvíria
pH (CaCl₂)	4.4	5.3
Organic matter (g dm^-3)	22.5	20.0
P (mg dm^-3)	23.4	29.0
K⁺ (cmol_c dm^-3)	1.0	0.2
Ca²⁺ (cmol_c dm^-3)	4.5	2.5
Mg²⁺ (cmol_c dm^-3)	1.7	1.6
Al³⁺ (cmol_c dm^-3)	0.3	0.0
H + Al (cmol_c dm^-3)	6.5	2.5
CEC (cmol_c dm^-3)	13.7	6.9
V (%)	52.2	64.0
S-SO₄^2- (mg dm^-3)	8.4	2.0
B (mg dm^-3)	0.5	0.2
Cu (mg dm^-3)	8.4	1.8
Fe (mg dm^-3)	112.0	20.0
Mn (mg dm^-3)	43.2	21.7
Zn (mg dm^-3)	8.1	0.8
Clay (g kg^-1)	757.0	378.0
Sand (g kg^-1)	51.0	574.0

Correlation	Equation	r
Londrina - 'Brasmax Desafio RR'
GY × Number of pods per plant (NPP)	ŷ = 0.180+0.022x	0.48^* * Significant at 5% probability.
GY × Number of grains per plant (NGP)	ŷ = 28.874+0.060x	0.38^* * Significant at 5% probability.
GY × NGP/NPP	ŷ = 2.10±0.24	0.10^ns ns Nonsignificant.
GY × Plant height	ŷ = 29.493+0.009x	0.40^* * Significant at 5% probability.
GY× Number of stems	ŷ = 2.67±0.82	0.11^ns ns Nonsignificant.
GY × 100-seed weight	ŷ = 9.761+0.001x	0.56^* * Significant at 5% probability.
GY × Oil content	ŷ = 24.77±0.92	0.23^ns ns Nonsignificant.
GY × Protein content	ŷ = 37.19±1.06	0.11^ns ns Nonsignificant.
Selvíria - 'TMG 7063 IPRO'
GY × NPP	ŷ = 11.182+0.016x	0.49^* * Significant at 5% probability.
GY × NGP	ŷ = 3.072+0.032x	0.40^* * Significant at 5% probability.
GY × NGP/NPP	ŷ = 2.89±0.18	0.10^ns ns Nonsignificant.
GY × Plant height	ŷ = 102.35±6.33	0.19^ns ns Nonsignificant.
GY× Number of stem	ŷ = 3.49±0.44	0.07^ns ns Nonsignificant.
GY × 100-seed weight	ŷ = 12.96±1.30	0.28^ns ns Nonsignificant.
GY × Oil content	ŷ = 23.01±0.88	0.04^ns ns Nonsignificant.
GY × Protein content	ŷ = 36.55±0.91	0.05^ns ns Nonsignificant.
Selvíria - 'Brasmax Desafio RR'
GY × NPP	ŷ = 5.392+0.011x	0.53^* * Significant at 5% probability.
GY × NGP	ŷ = 24.334+0.040x	0.48^* * Significant at 5% probability.
GY × NGP/NPP	ŷ = 2.59±0.14	0.16^ns ns Nonsignificant.
GY × Plant height	ŷ = 116.87±4.40	0.08^ns ns Nonsignificant.
GY× Number of stems	ŷ = 2.85±0.41	0.26^ns ns Nonsignificant.
GY × 100-seed weight	ŷ = 14.881+0.001x	0.40^* * Significant at 5% probability.
GY × Oil content	ŷ = 22.58±0.89	0.10^ns ns Nonsignificant.
GY × Protein content	ŷ = 35.15±1.34	0.06^ns ns Nonsignificant.
Mean of the two genotypes
GY × NPP	ŷ = 9.574+0.019x	0.51^* * Significant at 5% probability.
GY × NGP	ŷ = 20.920+0.033x	0.33^ns ns Nonsignificant.
GY × NGP/NPP	ŷ = 3.00±0.16	0.22^ns ns Nonsignificant.
GY × Plant height	ŷ = 77.56±4.48	0.28^ns ns Nonsignificant.
GY× Number of stems	ŷ = 3.69±0.53	0.03^ns ns Nonsignificant.
GY × 100-seed weight	ŷ = 10.476+0.002x	0.50^* * Significant at 5% probability.
GY × Oil content	ŷ = 23.59±0.68	0.10^ns ns Nonsignificant.
GY × Protein content	ŷ = 35.23±0.69	0.15^ns ns Nonsignificant.

Treatment	Yield components						Grain contents and uptake
Treatment	Pods	Grains	Grains/Pods	Height	Stem	100-seed weight	Oil	Protein	Oil	Protein
	(n)	(n)	(n)	(cm)	(n)	(g)	(%)	(%)	(kg ha^-1)	(kg ha^-1)
Mo (g ha^-1)	'Brasmax Desafio RR' - Londrina
0	79.5	192.4	2.4	63.4	3.8	13.8	21.8	36.2	824.7	1,386.1
400	82.3	202.7	2.5	64.0	3.8	14.2	21.5	37.6	847.9	1,510.7
800	85.2	208.3	2.5	64.4	3.6	14.4	21.1	37.7	876.8	1,539.7
1,600	85.1	208.6	2.5	63.1	3.8	14.3	20.8	38.2	819.0	1,500.6
Ni (g ha^-1)
0	87.1a	212.3a	2.4a	64.0a	3.8a	14.2a	21.2a	37.7a	835.2a	1,504.2a
60	83.4a	205.6a	2.5a	64.2a	3.8a	14.1a	21.4a	37.4a	846.6a	1,480.0a
120	79.0a	191.1a	2.4a	63.1a	3.7a	14.1a	21.6a	37.2a	844.6a	1,468.6a
Mean	83.2	203.0	2.4	63.8	3.8	14.1	21.4	37.4	842.1	1,484.3
ANOVA
Mo	0.22^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.30^ns ns Nonsignificant.	1.25^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.71^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.23^ns ns Nonsignificant.	1.75^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.41^ns ns Nonsignificant.	1.98^ns ns Nonsignificant.	2.98^* * Significant at 5% probability.	6.96^* * Significant at 5% probability.
Ni	0.73^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.85^ns ns Nonsignificant.	1.01^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.54^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.20^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.60^ns ns Nonsignificant.	1.84^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.57^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.21^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.68^ns ns Nonsignificant.
Mo × Ni	1.03^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.83	0.34^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.18^ns ns Nonsignificant.	1.03^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.52^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.94^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.41^ns ns Nonsignificant.	1.20^ns ns Nonsignificant.	1.76^ns ns Nonsignificant.
CV (%)	12.63	12.96	15.5	18.16	17.65	15.14	15.30	15.23	6.27	5.97
	'TMG 7063 IPRO' - Selvíria
0	46.4	110.9	2.4	112.9	3.6	17.9	22.4	36.4	861.0	1,369.4
400	49.9	118.0	2.4	118.3	3.8	18.2	22.9	36.4	843.1	1,396.2
800	57.4	141.1	2.5	119.8	4.0	18.4	22.9	37.1	901.1	1,457.1
1,600	46.8	112.7	2.4	118.9	4.2	16.8	23.2	37.1	954.0	1,498.5
Ni (g ha^-1)
0	52.0a	125.7a	2.4a	117.7a	3.9a	18.3a	22.7a	36.7a	858.9b	1,394.4
60	52.9a	126.6a	2.4a	119.5a	4.0a	17.7a	22.8a	36.9a	884.0ab	1,426.3
120	45.6b	109.8b	2.4a	115.2b	3.8a	17.5a	23.1a	36.6a	926.5a	1,470.2
Mean	50.2	120.7	2.4	117.5	3.9	17.8	22.9	36.7	889.8	1,430.3
ANOVA
Mo	5.36^* * Significant at 5% probability.	5.77^* * Significant at 5% probability.	1.02^ns ns Nonsignificant.	3.69^* * Significant at 5% probability.	10.30^* * Significant at 5% probability.	5.04^* * Significant at 5% probability.	1.64^ns ns Nonsignificant.	1.81^ns ns Nonsignificant.	6.30^* * Significant at 5% probability.	2.96^* * Significant at 5% probability.
Ni	3.05^* * Significant at 5% probability.	3.54^* * Significant at 5% probability.	0.39^ns ns Nonsignificant.	3.29^* * Significant at 5% probability.	1.10^ns ns Nonsignificant.	2.40^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.92^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.23^ns ns Nonsignificant.	4.05^* * Significant at 5% probability.	1.68^ns ns Nonsignificant.
Mo × Ni	3.94^* * Significant at 5% probability.	3.75^* * Significant at 5% probability.	0.75^ns ns Nonsignificant.	2.91^* * Significant at 5% probability.	0.77^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.55^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.33^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.66^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.17^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.29^ns ns Nonsignificant.
CV (%)	16.45	16.66	6.28	4.64	10.73	6.21	4.00	2.50	7.69	8.22
	'Brasmax Desafio RR' - Selvíria
0	54.0	130.6	2.4	114.6	3.8	16.8	22.6	35.2	974.8	1,520.5
400	56.2	130.5	2.3	113.3	3.8	17.0	22.1	36.2	970.3	1,588.1
800	51.6	126.5	2.5	113.4	3.9	17.2	22.1	36.4	1,018.0	1,672.7
1,600	55.6	135.0	2.4	113.0	4.0	17.4	22.4	35.5	1,078.2	1,735.0
Ni (g ha^-1)
0	57.1a	136.0a	2.4a	115.2a	4.0a	17.2a	22.4a	35.7a	1,052.0a	1,680.5a
60	58.0a	131.0a	2.4a	112.6a	3.8a	17.2a	22.4a	35.8a	1,029.4ab	1,690.2a
120	52.0a	125.0a	2.4a	113.0a	3.9a	17.1a	22.1a	36.3a	949.6b	1,516.5b
Mean	54.4	130.7	2.4	113.6	3.9	17.2	22.3	35.9	1,010.3	1,629.1
ANOVA
Mo	0.53^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.27^ns ns Nonsignificant.	2.94^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.31^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.68^ns ns Nonsignificant.	2.34^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.96^ns ns Nonsignificant.	1.89^ns ns Nonsignificant.	2.09^* * Significant at 5% probability.	4.73^* * Significant at 5% probability.
Ni	1.07^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.94^ns ns Nonsignificant.	1.35^ns ns Nonsignificant.	1.69^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.44^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.24^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.73^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.93^ns ns Nonsignificant.	4.69^* * Significant at 5% probability.	4.79^* * Significant at 5% probability.
Mo × Ni	1.15^ns ns Nonsignificant.	1.52^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.92^ns ns Nonsignificant.	1.70^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.94^ns ns Nonsignificant.	2.77^ns ns Nonsignificant.	1.64^ns ns Nonsignificant.	1.37^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.50^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.73^ns ns Nonsignificant.
CV (%)	18.13	17.48	4.57	3.74	10.89	3.25	3.82	3.56	9.82	9.20

Treatment	Yield components						Grain contents
Treatment	Pods	Grain	Grains/Pods	Height	Stem	100-seed weight	Oil	Protein	Oil	Protein
	(n)	(n)	(n)	(cm)	(n)	(g)	(%)	(%)	(kg ha^-1)	(kg ha^-1)
Mo (g ha^-1)
0	60.0	144.6	2.4	96.9	3.7	16.2	22.2	35.9	886.8	1,425.3
400	62.8	150.4	2.4	98.5	3.8	16.5	22.2	36.7	887.1	1,498.3
800	64.7	158.6	2.5	99.2	3.8	16.7	22.2	37.1	932.0	1,556.5
1,600	62.5	152.1	2.4	98.3	4.0	16.1	22.1	36.9	950.4	1,578.0
Ni (g ha^-1)
0	65.4a	158.0a	2.4a	99.0a	3.9a	16.6a	22.0a	36.7a	915.4a	1,526.4a
60	58.9a	154.4a	2.4a	98.8a	3.9a	16.3a	22.2a	36.7a	920.0a	1,532.2a
120	60.4a	141.9a	2.4a	97.1a	3.8a	16.2a	22.4a	36.7a	906.9a	1,485.1a
Mean	61.6	151.4	2.4	98.3	3.9	16.4	22.2	36.7	914.1	1,514.5
ANOVA
Mo	1.46^ns ns Nonsignificant.	2.11^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.82^ns ns Nonsignificant.	3.46^* * Significant at 5% probability.	0.84^ns ns Nonsignificant.	4.86^* * Significant at 5% probability.	1.72^ns ns Nonsignificant.	4.04^* * Significant at 5% probability.	5.46^* * Significant at 5% probability.	5.77^* * Significant at 5% probability.
Ni	1.61^ns ns Nonsignificant.	1.42^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.39^ns ns Nonsignificant.	2.64^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.45^ns ns Nonsignificant.	2.96^ns ns Nonsignificant.	2.40^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.57^ns ns Nonsignificant.	4.16^* * Significant at 5% probability.	0.99^ns ns Nonsignificant.
Mo × Ni	1.20^ns ns Nonsignificant.	1.21^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.54^ns ns Nonsignificant.	1.35^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.73^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.64^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.72^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.43^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.28^ns ns Nonsignificant.	0.56^ns ns Nonsignificant.
CV (%)	14.29	14.56	4.37	4.00	14.24	4.47	2.96	1.95	5.43	5.60

[TFN1] ⁽¹⁾
CEC, cation exchange capacity; and V, base saturation [∑(K, Ca, Mg)/ ∑(K, Ca, Mg, H + Al)×100].

Molybdenum and nickel foliar application on soybean yield and oil and protein contents

Aplicação foliar de molibdênio e níquel na produção de soja e nos seus teores de óleo e proteína

Abstract