Morphological diversity and identification key for landraces of the Amerindian yam in central Amazon

The objective of this work was to select an optimal set of morphological descriptors, in order to characterize the phenotipical diversity of Amerindian yam (Dioscorea trifida) landraces cultivated in the municipality of Caapiranga, in the central Amazon region of Brazil, and to develop a botanical identification key for them. A collection of 140 accessions and an experimental plot with a representative sample of 20 landraces were used to test 64 morphological descriptors for the aerial and subterranean plant parts. Forty-eight descriptors were selected, of which 13 were for tubers, 12 for stems, 14 for leaves, and 9 for inflorescences and seed. A cluster analysis based on the morphological data showed the formation of two landrace groups with greater similarity: white and purple pulp tubers. The results provide tools for in situ and ex situ conservation and for plant breeding programs, considering the importance of maintaining and recognizing the value of Ameridian yam as an important native genetic resource for food security in the region.

Index terms:
Dioscorea trifida; agrobiodiversity; Dioscoraceae; genetic resources; native food plant; phenotypic similarity

Authorship

Patrick Beyerlein

Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, no 6.200, Coroado I, CEP 69080-970 Manaus, AM, Brazil. E-mail: diversidade@mail.com, hpereira@ufam.edu.brUniversidade Federal do AmazonasBrazilManaus, AM, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, no 6.200, Coroado I, CEP 69080-970 Manaus, AM, Brazil. E-mail: diversidade@mail.com, hpereira@ufam.edu.br

Henrique dos Santos Pereira

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (6)
Tables (3)

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Figure 1.
Collection sites of the evaluated accessions of Amerindian yam (Dioscorea trifida) in the municipalities of Manaus, Boa Vista do Ramos, Humaitá, and Caapiranga in the Central Amazon region of Brazil, according to the cartographic base of IBGE (2010)IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Base Cartográfica Contínua do Brasil na escala 1:250.000. 2010. Available at: <Available at: ftp://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/cartas_e_mapas/bases_cartograficas_continuas/bcim/ >. Accessed on: May 4 2010
ftp://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/cartas_e_mapas/... .

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Figure 2.
Tubers from one pit, and one cut tuber of each landrace of Diocorea trifida: “açaí-comprido” (A, B), “açaí-redondo” (C, D), “barbudo” (E, F), “boliviano” (G, H), and “branco-casquinha-roxa” (I, J).

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Figure 3.
Tubers from one pit and one cut tuber for each landrace of Diocorea trifida: “branco-comprido” (A, B), “branco-redondo” (C, D), “casado” (E, F), “durão” (G, H), and “japonês ” (I, J).

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Figure 4.
Tubers from one pit and one cut tuber for each landrace of Diocorea trifida: “macaxeira” (A, B), “mão-de-onça” (C, D), “ovo-de-cavalo” (E, F), “pé-de-burro” (G, H), and “pé-de-elefante” (I, J).

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Figure 5.
Tubers from one pit and one cut tuber for each landrace of Diocorea trifida: “pé-de-porco” (A, B), “preto” (C, D), “rabo-de-mucura” (E, F), “roxo-comum” (G, H), and “roxo-de-humaitá” (I, J).

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Figure 6.
Cluster analysis based on 49 morphological descriptors of 20 landraces of Dioscorea trifida, using the Jaccard index and the UPGMA cluster method.

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Table 1.
Accessions of the Amerindian yam (Dioscorea trifida) selected for the experimental planting, with their respective origins, popular names, and geographical coordinates.

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Table 2.
Results of the soil analysis of the experimental cultivation area of Amerindian yam (Dioscorea trifida) in the Central Amazon region of Brazil.

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Table 3.
Morphological descriptors and characteristics for tubers, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits of 20 landraces of Diocorea trifida.

Figure 1. Collection sites of the evaluated accessions of Amerindian yam (Dioscorea trifida) in the municipalities of Manaus, Boa Vista do Ramos, Humaitá, and Caapiranga in the Central Amazon region of Brazil, according to the cartographic base of IBGE (2010)IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Base Cartográfica Contínua do Brasil na escala 1:250.000. 2010. Available at: <Available at: ftp://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/cartas_e_mapas/bases_cartograficas_continuas/bcim/ >. Accessed on: May 4 2010
ftp://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/cartas_e_mapas/... .

Figure 2. Tubers from one pit, and one cut tuber of each landrace of Diocorea trifida: “açaí-comprido” (A, B), “açaí-redondo” (C, D), “barbudo” (E, F), “boliviano” (G, H), and “branco-casquinha-roxa” (I, J).

Figure 3. Tubers from one pit and one cut tuber for each landrace of Diocorea trifida: “branco-comprido” (A, B), “branco-redondo” (C, D), “casado” (E, F), “durão” (G, H), and “japonês ” (I, J).

Figure 4. Tubers from one pit and one cut tuber for each landrace of Diocorea trifida: “macaxeira” (A, B), “mão-de-onça” (C, D), “ovo-de-cavalo” (E, F), “pé-de-burro” (G, H), and “pé-de-elefante” (I, J).

Figure 5. Tubers from one pit and one cut tuber for each landrace of Diocorea trifida: “pé-de-porco” (A, B), “preto” (C, D), “rabo-de-mucura” (E, F), “roxo-comum” (G, H), and “roxo-de-humaitá” (I, J).

Figure 6. Cluster analysis based on 49 morphological descriptors of 20 landraces of Dioscorea trifida, using the Jaccard index and the UPGMA cluster method.

Table 1. Accessions of the Amerindian yam (Dioscorea trifida) selected for the experimental planting, with their respective origins, popular names, and geographical coordinates.

Accession	Municipality	Community	Popular name	Cultivation area	Latitude	Longitude
1	Caapiranga	Maloca	Rabo-de-mucura	1	3°17'37.4"S	61°11'04.7"W
2	Caapiranga	Patauá	Branco-casquinha-roxa	2	3°18'17.2"S	61°11'47.5"W
3	Caapiranga	Lago de Arara	Casado	3	3°24'55.9"S	61°22'03.4"W
4	Caapiranga	Lago de Arara	Durão	3	3°24'55.9"S	61°22'03.4"W
5	Caapiranga	Lago de Arara	Boliviano	4	3°25'16.0"S	61°22'58.9"W
6	Caapiranga	Lago de Arara	Açaí-redondo	4	3°25'16.0"S	61°22'58.9"W
7	Caapiranga	Lago de Arara	Barbudo	5	3°24'51.5"S	61°22'08.6"W
8	Manacapuru	Membeca	Pé-de-burro	6	3°08'48.6"S	61°08'28.7"W
9	Manacapuru	Membeca	Ovo-de-cavalo	6	3°08'48.6"S	61°08'28.7"W
10	Caapiranga	Campinas	Açaí-comprido	7	3°18'47.7"S	61°06'59.5"W
11	Caapiranga	City	Mão-de-onça	8	3°19'47.2"S	61°12'37.8"W
12	Caapiranga	City	Branco-comprido	9	3°19'34.9"S	61°12'50.3"W
13	Caapiranga	Estrada Ary Antunes	Branco-redondo	10	3°17'02.4"S	61°12'52.9"W
14	Caapiranga	Estrada Ary Antunes	Pé-de-elefante	11	3°16'09.5"S	61°13'30.1"W
15	Caapiranga	Estrada Ary Antunes	Roxo-comum	12	3°17'42.4"S	61°12'49.1"W
16	Caapiranga	Estrada Ary Antunes	Macaxeira	13	3°17'59.5"S	61°12'41.6"W
17	Manaus	Colônia Japonesa	Japonês	14	3°04'18.0"S	59°59'13.8"W
18	Boa Vista do Ramos	City	Preto	15	2°58'11.1"S	57°35'26.5"W
19	Boa Vista do Ramos	City	Pé-de-porco	15	2°58'11.1"S	57°35'26.5"W
20	Humaitá	City	Roxo-de-humaitá	16	7°30'28.55"S	63°1'13.97"W

Table 2. Results of the soil analysis of the experimental cultivation area of Amerindian yam (Dioscorea trifida) in the Central Amazon region of Brazil.

pH H₂O	C	SOM	P	K	Na	Ca	Mg	Al	H+Al	SB	CECef	CECpot	BS	m	Fe	Zn	Mn	Cu
pH H₂O	---(g kg^-1)---		----(mg dm^-3)----			----------------------(cmol_c dm^-3)----------------------							---(%)---		-------(mg dm^-3)-------
4.1	19	32.7	2	17	2	0.1	0.1	1.9	6.17	0.3	2.2	6.5	4.4	87	138	0.46	1.1	0.2

C, organic carbon; SOM, soil organic matter; SB, sum of exchangeable bases; CECef, effective cation-exchange capacity; CECpot, cation-exchange capacity at pH 7; BS, base saturation index; m, aluminum saturation index.

Table 3. Morphological descriptors and characteristics for tubers, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits of 20 landraces of Diocorea trifida.

Descriptors	Characteristics
	Tubers
Tuber development distance from the center of the pit	Very distant, >1.2 m; distant, 0.7-1.2 m; close, 0.3-0.7 m; very close, <0.3 m.
Presence of roots	Absent; scarce; dense.
Location of the roots	All over the tuber uniformly; concentrated in the apical part.
Roughness of the skin	Smooth almost wrinkle free; medium roughness; deep wrinkles; two types of wrinkles (linear wrinkles in the apical part, and poly-angular wrinkles in the distal part
Color of the skin	Brown; dark brown.
Thickness of the skin	Very thin, < 0.5mm; thin> 0.5mm.
Color of the buds	Green; yellowish-green; light purple; dark purple.
Capacity of budding	Easy; difficult (up to one month later).
Tendency to branch	Absent; slight; moderate.
Tuber shape	Round; oval and less oblong; oval; oval and very oblong; cylindrical; triangular, distal part wider; curved; apical part thin and long; wider than long; flat and irregular.
Color of the tuber flesh	White; yellowish-white; light purple; dark purple; white with a thin purple layer (≤ 1mm) of the outermost cortex; white with purple spots; white with a purple outer layer of 0.5-1 cm and a purple apical part; purple with light spots; purple with a white layer of 1-2 cm in the distal part.
Uniformity of tuber flesh color	Uniform; polycolored.
Brownish oxidation of the tuber flesh after cutting	Non browning; intensive browning; browning only in the exterior part or in some spots.
	Stems
Color of young stem > 30 cm	Green; green with little purple pigmentation (PP).
Color of young stem wings >30 cm	Green; green with little PP; green with much PP.
Presence of wings on the young stem	Present; absent.
Color of mature stem (1 m height)	Green; brownish-green; green with little PP; green with much PP.
Color of mature stem wings (1 m height)	Green; green with little PP; green with much PP.
Color of mature stem (15 cm height)	Green; brownish-green; green with little PP; green with much PP; dark purple.
Color of mature stem wings (15 cm height)	Green; green with little PP; green with much PP.
Growing habit of the stem	Straight; slightly zigzag.
Many lateral branches	Present; absent.
Number of internodes until fully opened first leaves	Five to nine; more than nine.
Average diameter of the mature stem	Obtained by measuring the diameter of stem, at 15 cm height from the base of the plant, five measurements per plant, two plants per plot in each block.
Average length of the internodes	Obtained by measuring the distance between leaf scars, at 1 m height from the base of plant, five measurements per plant, two plants per plot in each block.
	Leaves
Color of the mature leaf	Light green; green; dark green.
Color of the petiole of the young leaf	Green; green with slight PP at the base and junction with the leaf blade; Green with intensive PP at the base and junction with the leaf blade; all petiole with PP more intense at the base and junction with the leaf blade; brown; dark purple.
Presence of wings on the petiole	Present; absent.
Color of the young petiole wings	Light green; green with little PP; green with many PP.
Color of the petiole of the mature leaf	Green; reen with little PP; green with much PP; green with PP at the base and junction with the leaf blade; all petiole with PP, more intense at the base and junction with the leaf blade; reddish-brown; dark purple; base remains green, but other parts with PP.
Color of the mature petiole wings	Green; green with little PP; green with much PP.
Density the foliage	Low; intermediate; high.
Number of lobes	Predominantly 3; predominantly 5.
Deepness of the lobes	Less deep; very deep; very deep and less deep (two types)
Distance between the two upper lobes and the petiole	No distance; little distance; intermediate; very distant
Size of the main lobe	Particularly large (more than twice the size of other lobes); regular (same or slightly larger).
Average diameter of the leaf	Obtained by measuring the maximum diameter of the leaf area, five measurements of mature leaves per plant, two plants per plot in each block.
Average length of leaves	Obtained by measuring the maximum length of the leaf area, five measurements of mature leaves per plant, two plants per plot in each block.
Average length of petioles	Obtained by measuring the length of five petioles of mature leaves, two plants per plot in each block.
	Flowers and fruit
Months until flowering after budding	Before four months; between four and five months; between six and seven months; without flowering.
Sex	Female; male.
Number of male inflorescences	Few (50-100); medium (100-200); many (>200).
Spikes often with double flowers	Present; absent.
Spikes with lateral branches	Present; absent.
Single or double flowers in the leaf axils without spikes	Present; absent.
Number of female inflorescences	Few (1-30); medium (30-60); many (60-100).
Shape of fruit	Very oblong; less oblong, almost round.
Average number of flowers per inflorescence	Obtained by counting the flowers of five inflorescences, two plants per plot in each block.

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Métricas

Morphological diversity and identification key for landraces of the Amerindian yam in central Amazon

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Mensagem

[TFN1] C, organic carbon; SOM, soil organic matter; SB, sum of exchangeable bases; CECef, effective cation-exchange capacity; CECpot, cation-exchange capacity at pH 7; BS, base saturation index; m, aluminum saturation index.