Soil roughness indexes and their relationship with water erosion

Zangiski, Fernanda; Miquelluti, David José; Bertol, Ildegardis; Ramos, Júlio César

doi:10.1590/S0100-204X2018000600012

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Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira

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Sumário

SOIL SCIENCE • Pesq. agropec. bras. 53 (06) • June 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2018000600012 copy

Soil roughness indexes and their relationship with water erosion

Índices de rugosidade do solo e sua relação com a erosão hídrica

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract:

The objective of this work was to express soil roughness through statistical, geostatistical, and fractal indexes, comparing and relating them to soil and water losses in different experimental conditions. The study was conducted from 2012 to 2015, in the municipality of Lages, in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, in a completely randomized design with two replicates. Three treatments were evaluated: T1, scarified soil at the end of the ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) crop cycle after removal of the shoot residue; T2, scarified soil at the end of the vetch (Vicia sativa) crop cycle after removal of the shoot residue; and T3, scarified soil without cultivation and without cover. The heights of the microrelief were read with a surface roughness tester with rods. Soil roughness was analyzed through the statistical, geostatistical, and fractal indexes. The fractal dimension and intersection distance showed a clear difference between the treatments with cultivation. All indexes, except R1, are associated with soil losses in the treatments with cultivation. As for water losses, there is only an association with the fractal dimension index and only in the treatment without cultivation.

Index terms:
fractal dimension; limiting difference; microrelief; random roughness

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[TFN1] ⁽¹⁾
CV, coefficient of variation.

Descriptive statistic	Statistical index (mm)			Geostatistical index (mm)		Fractal index (mm)
Descriptive statistic	R1	R2	R3	LD	LS	D	l
Mean	0.149	14.810	10.607	13.329	0.047	2.699	3.653
CV (%)	59.732	42.890	37.249	37.272	59.574	3.186	75.855
Median	0.152	13.904	9.997	12.529	0.040	2.720	2.970
1^st quartile	0.100	11.581	8.458	10.656	0.027	2.645	1.591
3^rd quartile	0.202	17.707	13.069	16.264	0.061	2.757	4.918
Minimum	0.003	3.906	2.921	3.174	0.013	2.470	0.468
Maximum	0.348	31.487	20.916	27.152	0.136	2.838	12.464
Skewness	0.037	0.683	0.467	0.402	1.186	-0.658	1.111
Kurtosis	2.311	3.428	3.319	3.294	3.982	2.833	3.479

Indexes	d	l	ls	ld	r1	r2
Scarified soil with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) roots
l	0.53^ns
ls	-0.04^ns	0.82*
ld	0.63*	0.89*	0.61*
r1	-0.28^ns	0.72*	0.84*	0.44^ns
r2	0.31^ns	0.91*	0.88*	0.75*	0.73*
r3	0.23^ns	0.86*	0.89*	0.65*	0.71*	0.98*
Scarified soil with vetch (Vicia sativa) roots
l	0.82*
ls	0.74*	0.94*
ld	0.80*	0.97*	0.91*
r1	0.30^ns	0.11^ns	0.35^ns	0.10^ns
r2	0.80*	0.93*	0.98*	0.95*	0.33^ns
r3	0.75*	0.95*	0.99*	0.94*	0.33^ns	0.98*
Scarified soil without cultivation
l	0.31^ns
ls	-0.33^ns	0.77*
ld	0.04^ns	0.92*	0.86*
r1	-0.26^ns	0.80*	0.96*	0.88*
r2	-0.23^ns	0.79*	0.97*	0.92*	0.94*
r3	-0.36^ns	0.68*	0.95*	0.84*	0.90*	0.96*

Treatment	R1	R2	R3	LS	LD	D	l
	Soil losses
Scarified soil with ryegrass roots	-0.39^ns	-0.70*	-0.73*	-0.64*	-0.89*	-0.73*	-0.86*
Scarified soil with vetch roots	0.47^ns	-0.87*	-0.91*	-0.86*	-0.94*	-0.78*	-0.95*
Scarified soil without cultivation	-0.68 ^ns	-0.55^ns	-0.41^ns	-0.61^ns	-0.62^ns	-0.84*	-0.81*
	Water losses
Scarified soil with ryegrass roots	0.18^ns	0.00^ns	-0.01^ns	-0.01^ns	-0.36^ns	0.07^ns	-0.18^ns
Scarified soil with vetch roots	0.11^ns	-0.07^ns	-0.26^ns	-0.06^ns	-0.28^ns	-0.23^ns	-0.31^ns
Scarified soil without cultivation	-0.45^ns	-0.28^ns	-0.10^ns	-0.39^ns	-0.38^ns	-0.91*	-0.70^ns