Fertilization of high-yield corn with poultry litter based on nitrogen doses

The objective of this work was to recommend nitrogen doses from poultry litter-based organic fertilizers in powder and pellet forms, compared with mineral fertilizer, in a high-yield corn crop under no-tillage. The treatments consisted of a 3×3+1 factorial arrangement, with: three fertilizers, two organic derived from poultry litter in powder (OPo) and pelletized (OPe) forms and one mineral fertilizer (M); three N doses of 65, 100, and 135% of the recommended N requirement for corn; and an unfertilized control. After five corn crops farmed under no-tillage in a Rhodic Kandiudox, the recommended doses for fertilization with poultry litter organic fertilizers, with an expected yield equal to or greater than 8,000 kg ha^-1, could be achieved from doses of 100 kg ha^-1 N in OPe and M and of 121 kg ha^-1 N in OPo. Increasing doses of the OPe, OPo, and M fertilizers raise the contents of organic carbon, N, and available P in the surface soil layer (0.0-0.1 m) and of exchangeable K up to a depth of 0.2 m, allowing to obtain N, P, and K contents in the plant tissue within the sufficiency range of the corn crop.

Index terms:
no-tillage farming; organic waste; pelletized fertilizer; powder fertilizer

Authorship

Juliano Corulli Corrêa

Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR 153, Km 110, Caixa Postal 321, CEP 89715-899 Concórdia, SC, Brazil. E-mail: juliano.correa@embrapa.br, arlei.coldebella@embrapa.brEmbrapa Suínos e AvesBrazilConcórdia, SC, BrazilEmbrapa Suínos e Aves, BR 153, Km 110, Caixa Postal 321, CEP 89715-899 Concórdia, SC, Brazil. E-mail: juliano.correa@embrapa.br, arlei.coldebella@embrapa.br

Marco André Grohskopf

Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Rua José Barbosa de Barros, no 1.780, CEP 18160-307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. E-mail: marcogrohskopf@gmail.comUniversidade Estadual PaulistaBrazilBotucatu, SP, BrazilUniversidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Rua José Barbosa de Barros, no 1.780, CEP 18160-307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. E-mail: marcogrohskopf@gmail.com

Agostinho Rebellatto

Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Concórdia, SC 283, Km 08, CEP 89703-720 Concórdia, SC, Brazil. E-mail: agostinho.rebellatto@ifc-concordia.edu.brInstituto Federal CatarinenseBrazilConcórdia, SC, BrazilInstituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Concórdia, SC 283, Km 08, CEP 89703-720 Concórdia, SC, Brazil. E-mail: agostinho.rebellatto@ifc-concordia.edu.br

Amanda Zolet Rigo

Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, no 2.090, Conta Dinheiro, CEP 88520-000 Lages, SC, Brazil. E-mail: amanda.z.rigo@gmail.comUniversidade do Estado de Santa CatarinaBrazilLages, SC, BrazilUniversidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, no 2.090, Conta Dinheiro, CEP 88520-000 Lages, SC, Brazil. E-mail: amanda.z.rigo@gmail.com

Arlei Coldebella

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (1)
Tables (6)

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Figure 1.
Mean monthly rainfall and maximum and minimum temperatures during the experimental period from 2010 and 2016.

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Table 1.
Mean organic carbon content, evaluated in 2016, in three soil layers in response to increasing nitrogen doses (0, 65, 100, and 135% of the recommended N dose), applied via poultry litter-based organic fertilizers in pellet (OPe) and powder (OPo) forms, compared with a mineral fertilizer (M), after five corn (Zea mays) harvests in a no-tillage system⁽¹⁾.

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Table 2.
Mean total nitrogen content, evaluated in 2016, in three soil layers in response to increasing nitrogen doses (0, 65, 100, and 135% of the recommended N dose), applied via poultry litter-based organic fertilizers in pellet (OPe) and powder (OPo) forms, compared with a mineral fertilizer (M), after five corn (Zea mays) harvests in a no-tillage system⁽¹⁾.

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Table 3.
Mean phosphorus availability, evaluated in 2016, in three soil layers in response to increasing nitrogen doses (0, 65, 100, and 135% of the recommended n dose), applied via poultry litter-based organic fertilizers in pellet (OPe) and powder (OPo) forms, compared with a mineral fertilizer (m), after five corn (Zea mays) harvests in a no-tillage system⁽¹⁾.

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Table 4.
Mean exchangeable potassium content, evaluated in 2016, in three soil layers in response to increasing nitrogen doses (0, 65, 100, and 135% of the recommended N dose), applied via poultry litter-based organic fertilizers in pellet (OPe) and powder (OPo) forms, compared with a mineral fertilizer (M), after five corn (Zea mays) harvests in a no-tillage system⁽¹⁾.

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Table 5.
Corn (Zea mays) grain yield in response to increasing nitrogen doses (0, 65, 100, and 135% of the recommended N dose), applied via organic and mineral fertilizers, in a no-tillage system⁽¹⁾.

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Table 6.
Mean content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and total potassium in the diagnosed corn (Zea mays) leaf for five harvests in response to increasing nitrogen doses (0, 65, 100, and 135% of the recommended N dose), applied via organic and mineral fertilizers, in a no-tillage system⁽¹⁾.

Figure 1. Mean monthly rainfall and maximum and minimum temperatures during the experimental period from 2010 and 2016.

Table 1. Mean organic carbon content, evaluated in 2016, in three soil layers in response to increasing nitrogen doses (0, 65, 100, and 135% of the recommended N dose), applied via poultry litter-based organic fertilizers in pellet (OPe) and powder (OPo) forms, compared with a mineral fertilizer (M), after five corn (Zea mays) harvests in a no-tillage system⁽¹⁾.

Fertilizer	Organic carbon (mg dm^-3)				Regression equation⁽²⁾	R²
Fertilizer	0	65	100	135	Regression equation⁽²⁾	R²
	0.0-0.1 m
OPe	21	25	28A	28A	ŷ = 21 + 0.09x + 0.0002x²	0.86
OPo	21	24	28A	27A	ŷ =21 + 0.08x + 0.0002x²	0.91
M	21	24	24B	22B	ӯ = 22
	0.1-0.2 m
OPe	16	18	19	18	ӯ = 18
OPo	16	17	18	18	ӯ = 17
M	16	18	18	18	ӯ = 18
	0.2-0.4 m
OPe	15	17	17	18	ӯ = 17
OPo	15	16	17	16	ӯ = 16
M	15	17	18	16	ӯ = 16

⁽¹⁾Means of four replicates followed by equal letters, lowercase in the lines and uppercase in the columns, do not differ by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. ⁽²⁾Regression equations significant at 1% probability. R², coefficient of determination.

Table 2. Mean total nitrogen content, evaluated in 2016, in three soil layers in response to increasing nitrogen doses (0, 65, 100, and 135% of the recommended N dose), applied via poultry litter-based organic fertilizers in pellet (OPe) and powder (OPo) forms, compared with a mineral fertilizer (M), after five corn (Zea mays) harvests in a no-tillage system⁽¹⁾.

Fertilizer	Total N content (mg dm^-3)				Regression equation⁽²⁾	R²
Fertilizer	0	65	100	135	Regression equation⁽²⁾	R²
	0.0-0.1 m
OPe	1.7b	2.6a	2.9a	2.9a	ŷ =1.8 + 0.02x - 0.00007x²	0.91
OPo	1.7b	2.6a	2.8a	2.9a	ŷ =1.7 + 0.02x - 0.00008x²	0.90
M	1.7b	2.4ab	2.7a	2.8a	ŷ =1.7 + 0.01x - 0.00005x²	0.92
	0.1-0.2 m
OPe	1.6	1.7	1.8	1.8	ӯ = 1.7
OPo	1.6	1.7	1.8	1.8	ӯ = 1.7
M	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.8	ӯ = 1.7
	0.2-0.4 m
OPe	1.4	1.4	1.5	1.6	ӯ = 1.4
OPo	1.4	1.6	1.6	1.6	ӯ = 1.4
M	1.4	1.3	1.4	1.5	ӯ = 1.4

⁽¹⁾Means of four replicates followed by equal letters, lowercase in the lines and uppercase in the columns, do not differ by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. ⁽²⁾Regression equations significant at 1% probability. R², coefficient of determination.

Table 3. Mean phosphorus availability, evaluated in 2016, in three soil layers in response to increasing nitrogen doses (0, 65, 100, and 135% of the recommended n dose), applied via poultry litter-based organic fertilizers in pellet (OPe) and powder (OPo) forms, compared with a mineral fertilizer (m), after five corn (Zea mays) harvests in a no-tillage system⁽¹⁾.

Fertilizer	P availability (mg dm^-3)				Regression equation⁽²⁾	R²
Fertilizer	0	65	100	135	Regression equation⁽²⁾	R²
	0.0-0.1 m
OPe	45	62ab	67a	67Ba	ŷ = 45 + 0.364x - 0.002x²	0.86
OPo	45b	65b	70b	90Aa	ŷ = 44 + 0.31x	0.91
M	45b	60b	72a	80Aa	ŷ = 45 + 0.26x	0.92
	0.1-0.2 m
OPe	24	34	31	30	ӯ = 30
OPo	24	27	31	28	ӯ = 27
M	24	21	28	31	ӯ = 29
	0.2-0.4 m
OPe	20	23	21	26	ӯ = 22
OPo	20	24	21	23	ӯ = 22
M	20	21	22	21	ӯ = 21

⁽¹⁾Means of four replicates followed by equal letters, lowercase in the lines and uppercase in the columns, do not differ by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. ⁽²⁾Regression equations significant at 1% probability. R², coefficient of determination.

Table 4. Mean exchangeable potassium content, evaluated in 2016, in three soil layers in response to increasing nitrogen doses (0, 65, 100, and 135% of the recommended N dose), applied via poultry litter-based organic fertilizers in pellet (OPe) and powder (OPo) forms, compared with a mineral fertilizer (M), after five corn (Zea mays) harvests in a no-tillage system⁽¹⁾.

Fertilizer	Exchangeable K (mg dm^-3)				Regression equation⁽²⁾	R²
Fertilizer	0	65	100	135	Regression equation⁽²⁾	R²
	0.0-0.1 m
OPe	6	10	13	13	ŷ = 6.0 + 0.009x - 0.0003x²	0.91
OPo	6	13	14	13	ŷ = 27 + 0.06x - 0.00007x²	0.76
M	6	13	13	12	ŷ = 27 + 0.16x - 0.001x²	0.77
	0.1-0.2 m
OPe	8	9	11	10	ŷ = 8.2 + 0.03x - 0.0001x²	0.68
OPo	8	10	12	10	ŷ = 8.1 + 0.05x - 0.0003x²	0.76
M	8	9	11	12	ŷ = 8.2 + 0.02x + 0.00007x²	0.75
	0.2-0.4 m
OPe	8	8	9	9	ӯ = 8
OPo	8	6	9	9	ӯ = 8
M	8	6	8	8	ӯ = 8

⁽¹⁾Means of four replicates followed by equal letters, lowercase in the lines and uppercase in the columns, do not differ by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. ⁽²⁾Regression equations significant at 1% probability. R², coefficient of determination.

Table 5. Corn (Zea mays) grain yield in response to increasing nitrogen doses (0, 65, 100, and 135% of the recommended N dose), applied via organic and mineral fertilizers, in a no-tillage system⁽¹⁾.

Fertilizer⁽²⁾	Corn grain yield (kg ha^-1)				Regression equation⁽³⁾	R²
Fertilizer⁽²⁾	0	65	100	135	Regression equation⁽³⁾	R²
2011/2012 harvest
OPe	4,920d	7,741Bc	10,824Aa	9,180Bb	ŷ = 4,748 + 83.3x - 0.35x²	0.82
OPo	4,920d	6,735Cc	7,500Bb	8,911Ba	ŷ = 4,863 + 28.7x	0.82
Mineral	4,920c	8,376Ab	10,230Aa	10,118Aa	ŷ = 4,862 + 76.0x - 0.28x²	0.91
2012/2013 harvest
OPe	3,706c	6,806b	7,741Aa	7,623a	ŷ = 3,690 + 67.7x - 0.28x²	0.98
OPo	3,706c	6,328b	6,227Bb	7,400a	ŷ = 3,967 + 26.0x	0.88
Mineral	3,706c	6,638a	6,886Ba	7,176a	ŷ = 4,154 + 26.0x	0.73
2013/2014 harvest
OPe	7,384c	8,652Bb	10,921Ca	10,423Ba	ŷ = 7,393 + 25.7x	0.75
OPo	7,384b	8,567Ba	8,910Ba	9,039Ca	ŷ = 7,482 + 12.8x	0.62
Mineral	7,384c	10,545Ab	10,554Ab	11,363Aa	ŷ = 7,802 + 28.8x	0.73
2014/2015 harvest
OPe	6,901d	8,389c	9,525b	10,080a	ŷ = 6,894 + 24.3x	0.92
OPo	6,901d	8,856c	9,435b	10,030a	ŷ = 7,060 + 23.3x	0.94
Mineral	6,901c	8,634b	9,542a	9,845a	ŷ = 7,033 + 22.6x	0.93
2015/2016 harvest
OPe	3,923b	4,567a	4,896a	5,180a	ŷ = 3,939 + 9.4x	0.94
OPo	3,923c	4,676b	4,932a	5,071a	ŷ = 3,998 + 8.7x	0.90
Mineral	3,923b	4,722a	4,640a	4,849a	ŷ = 4,040 + 6.6x	0.75
Mean
OPe	5,367c	7,225Bb	8,781Aa	8,497Aa	ŷ = 5,301 + 44.7x - 0.2x²	0.94
OPo	5,367c	7,004Bb	7,400Cb	8,090Ba	ŷ = 5,474 + 19.9x	0.96
Mineral	5,367c	7,783Ab	8,371Ba	8,670Aa	ŷ = 5,670 + 25.0x	0.90
Sum⁽⁴⁾
OPe	26,834c	36,125Bb	43,906Aa	42,410Aa	ŷ = 26,013 + 259.1x - 1.0x²	0.91
OPo	26,834c	35,022Bb	37,005Bb	40,451Ba	ŷ = 27,371 + 99.4x	0.89
Mineral	26,834c	38,916Ab	41,953Aa	43,349Aa	ŷ = 26,858 + 241.0x - 0.88x²	0.93

⁽¹⁾Means of four replicates followed by equal letters, lowercase in the lines and uppercase in the columns, within each corn harvest do not differ by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. ⁽²⁾OPe, organic fertilizer in pellet form; and Opo, organic fertilizer in powder form. ⁽³⁾Regression equations significant at 1% probability. ⁽⁴⁾Sum of the yields of the five corn crops and two wheat crops obtained during the experiment.

Table 6. Mean content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and total potassium in the diagnosed corn (Zea mays) leaf for five harvests in response to increasing nitrogen doses (0, 65, 100, and 135% of the recommended N dose), applied via organic and mineral fertilizers, in a no-tillage system⁽¹⁾.

Fertilizer⁽²⁾	Dose (%)				Regression equation⁽³⁾
Fertilizer⁽²⁾	0	65	100	135	Regression equation⁽³⁾
	Nitrogen (g kg^-1)
OPe	29.3b	31.6a	31.8a	32.1a	ŷ = 29.4 + 0.045x - 0.0002x² R² = 0.89
OPo	29.3b	31.2a	31.9a	31.6a	ŷ = 29.3 + 0.044x - 0.0002x² R² = 0.88
Mineral	29.3b	32.0a	31.9a	32.9a	ŷ = 29.4 + 0.044x - 0.0001x² R² = 0.85
	Phosphorus (g kg^-1)
OPe	3.5	3.9	3.9	3.8	ŷ = 3.5 + 0.01x - 0.00005x² R² = 0.94
OPo	3.5	3.8	3.8	3.7	ŷ = 3.5 + 0.008x - 0.00004x² R² = 0.94
Mineral	3.5	3.8	3.8	3.8	ŷ = 3.5 + 0.006x - 0.00003x² R² = 0.94
	Potassium (g kg^-1)
OPe	20.7b	22.9a	22.9a	22.7a	ŷ = 20.7 + 0.05x - 0.0003x² R² = 0.90
OPo	20.7b	23.1a	22.9a	22.7a	ŷ = 20.7 + 0.05x - 0.0003x² R² = 0.87
Mineral	20.7b	22.5a	22.4a	23.1a	ŷ = 20.8 + 0.03x - 0.00009x² R² = 0.87

⁽¹⁾Means followed by equal letters, lowercase in the lines and uppercase in the columns, represent the difference within each element and do not differ by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. ⁽²⁾OPe, organic fertilizer in pellet form; and Opo, organic fertilizer in powder form. ⁽³⁾Regression equations significant at 1% probability. The suffciency range in the tissue of the diagnosed corn leaf is: 27-35, 2-4, and 17-35 g kg^-1 N, P, and K, respectively, according to Tedesco et al. (2004).

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Fertilization of high-yield corn with poultry litter based on nitrogen doses

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[TFN1] ⁽¹⁾Means of four replicates followed by equal letters, lowercase in the lines and uppercase in the columns, do not differ by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. ⁽²⁾Regression equations significant at 1% probability. R², coefficient of determination.