Nutritional plans on the intake, digestibility, and performance of dairy heifers of different breed compositions

Oliveira Filho, Carlos Alberto Alves; Machado, Fernanda Samarini; Ferreira, Alexandre Lima; Tomich, Thierry Ribeiro; Maurício, Rogério Martins; Campos, Mariana Magalhães; Silva, Camilla Flávia Portela Gomes da; Azevêdo, José Augusto Gomes de; Pereira, Luiz Gustavo Ribeiro

doi:10.1590/S0100-204X2018000200014

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ZOOTECNIA • Pesq. agropec. bras. 53 (02) • Feb 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2018000200014 copy

Nutritional plans on the intake, digestibility, and performance of dairy heifers of different breed compositions

Planos alimentares no consumo, na digestibilidade e no desempenho de novilhas leiteiras de distintos grupos raciais

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract:

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of nutritional plans and breed composition on nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance, and performance of dairy heifers in tropical conditions. Thirty-six heifers - 12 Holstein, 12 Gyr, and 12 Gyrolando F1 (½ Holstein × ½ Gyr) - were housed in a tie-stall system and randomly distributed, adopting a completely randomized design in a 3×3 factorial arrangement (nutritional plans and breed composition). The diets were formulated to enable weight gains of 200, 400, and 800 g per day, corresponding to the nutritional plans 11, 14, and 19 g kg^-1 body weight (BW), respectively. The intake of dry matter, fibrous fractions (g kg^-1 BW^-0.75), and metabolizable energy (kcal^-1 BW^-0.75) in the 11-g kg^-1 plan were greater for Gyr heifers than for Gyrolando and Holstein heifers. Ether extract digestibility was 13.85% higher for Gyr heifers compared with Gyrolando F1 in the 19-g kg^-1 plan. The increase in the nutritional plans shows a quadratic response to nutrient intake and a linear response to average daily gain, but does not affect the digestibility coefficients. Gyr and Gyrolando F1 heifers present similar nutritional efficiency to that of Holstein heifers.

Index terms:
Gyr; Gyrolando; ingestion; nitrogen balance; weight gain

Embrapa Secretaria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento; Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira Caixa Postal 040315, 70770-901 Brasília DF Brazil, Tel. +55 61 3448-1813, Fax +55 61 3340-5483 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
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[TFN1] ⁽¹⁾
Composition (minimum): 190 g kg^-1 Ca; 60 g kg^-1 P; 70 g kg^-1 Na; 20 g kg^-1 Mg; 15 mg kg^-1 Co; 700 mg kg^-1 Cu; 1.600 mg kg^-1 Mn; 19 mg kg^-1 Se; 2.500 mg kg^-1 Zn; and 40 mg kg^-1 I.

Ingredient	g kg^-1
Corn silage	707.53
Ground corn	129.73
Soybean meal	156.58
Mineral mix⁽¹⁾	3.67
NaCl	2.49
Chemical composition	g kg^-1
Dry matter	488.69
Crude protein	143.76
Ether extract	40.35
Neutral detergent fiber	347.84
Acid detergent fiber	217.61
Non-fibrous carbohydrates	407.65
Hemicellulose	130.23
Total carbohydrate	755.49
Ash	54.26
Mcal kg^-1
Gross energy	4.14
Metabolizable energy	2.43

Item	Nutritional plan (g kg¹)			Breed composition			SEM	p-value
Item	11	14	19	Holstein	F1	Gyr	SEM	NP	BC	NP × BC
Dry matter (kg per day)	4.74	6.04	8.44	6.36	6.28	6.58	0.3758	0.001	0.043	0.001
Crude Protein (kg per day)	0.65	0.83	1.16	0.87	0.86	0.90	0.0517	0.001	0.042	0.001
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF, kg per day)	1.61	2.04	2.85	2.15	2.13	2.23	0.1272	0.001	0.034	0.001
Metabolizable energy (ME, Mcal per day)	11.17	14.22	19.86	14.96	14.79	15.49	0.8845	0.001	0.041	0.001
Dry matter (g kg^-1 BW^-0.75)	50.29	63.19	85.01	66.20	65.78	66.51	2.6039	0.001	0.070	0.001
NDF (g kg^-1 BW^-0.75)	16.98	21.34	28.72	22.36	22.22	22.46	0.8797	0.001	0.070	0.001
ME kcal (kg BW^-0.75)	117.08	146.82	199.04	153.95	153.17	155.81	6.1781	0.001	0.042	0.0005

Item	11 g kg¹			14 g kg¹			19 g kg¹
Item	Holstein	F1	Gyr	Holstein	F1	Gyr	Holstein	F1	Gyr
Dry matter (kg per day)	4.62b	4.37b	5.25a	5.96a	5.86a	6.30a	8.50a	8.62a	8.10a
Crude protein (kg per day)	0.63b	0.60b	0.72a	0.82a	0.80a	0.87a	1.17a	1.18a	1.12a
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF, kg per day)	1.56b	1.48b	1.78a	2.01a	1.98a	2.13a	2.88a	2.91a	2.77a
Metabolizable energy (ME, Mcal per day)	10.86b	10.30b	12.36a	14.02a	13.79a	14.84a	20.01a	20.29a	19.28a
Dry matter (g kg^-1 BW^-0.75)	50.09b	49.40b	51.37a	63.11a	62.60a	63.85a	85.41a	85.33a	84.30a
NDF (g kg^-1 BW^-0.75)	16.92b	16.69b	17.35a	21.32a	21.15a	21.57a	28.86a	28.83a	28.47a
ME (Mcal per day)	10.86b	10.30b	12.36a	14.02a	13.79a	14.84a	20.01a	20.29a	19.28a
ME kcal (kg BW^-0.75)	116.6b	114.5b	120.2a	146.6a	145.0a	148.8a	198.6a	200.0a	198.5a

Item	Holstein		p-value		F1		p-value		Gyr		p-value
Item	Equation	R²	L	Q	Equation	R²	L	Q	Equation	R²	L	Q
	Intake
Dry matter (kg per day)	Y= -1.32 + 4.89x + 0.39x²	0.88	0.001	0.008	Y= -4.02 + 9.35x - 0.91x²	0.87	0.001	0.005	Y= -2.68 + 6.07x - 0.47x²	0.68	0.001	0.005
Total protein (kg per day)	Y= -0.18 + 0.67x + 0.06x²	0.88	0.001	0.001	Y= -0.55 + 1.29x - 0.12x²	0.87	0.001	0.005	Y= -0.40 + 0.88x - 0.08x²	0.68	0.001	0.006
NDF (kg per day)	Y= -0.43 + 1.63x + 0.14x²	0.88	0.001	0.006	Y= -1.37 + 3.19x - 0.32x²	0.86	0.001	0.004	Y= -0.91 + 2.06x - 0.16x²	0.68	0.001	0.006
ME (Mcal per day)	Y= -3.16 + 11.61x + 0.89x²	0.88	0.001	0.001	Y= -9.48+ 22.06x - 2.17x²	0.86	0.001	0.004	Y= -6.32 + 14.29x - 1.11x²	0.68	0.001	0.006
Dry material (g kg^-1 BW^-0.75)	Y= -3.20 + 46.84x + 1.03x²	0.99	0.001	0.001	Y= -8.45 + 56.18x - 1.76x²	0.99	0.001	0.001	Y= -10.31 + 54.26x - 2.67x²	0.96	0.001	0.001
NDF (g kg^-1 BW^-0.75)	Y= -1.07+ 15.80x + 0.36x²	0.99	0.001	0.001	Y= -2.86 + 18.98x - 0.60x²	0.99	0.001	0.001	Y= -3.54 + 18.41x - 0.93x²	0.96	0.001	0.001
ME kcal (kg BW^-0,75)	Y= -3.62 + 104.47x + 4.02x²	0.98	0.001	0.001	Y= -9.14+ 114.61x + 2.34x²	0.98	0.001	0.001	Y= -9.61 + 105.29x + 1.70x²	0.96	0.001	0.001
	Nitrogen balance
N ingested (g per day)	Y= 110.04 - 13.99x + 17.53x²	0.79	0.001	0.001	Y= 97.36 + 21.42x + 9.77x²	0.79	0.001	0.004	Y= 49.27 + 35.48x	0.64	0.001	0.759
N faecal (g per day)	Y= 39.01 - 13.81x + 7.77x²	0.71	0.001	0.001	Y= 31.52 - 2.49x + 5.87x²	0.76	0.001	0.015	Y=14.66 + 9.14x	0.55	0.001	0.244
N retained (g per day)	Y= 88.01 - 53.29x + 21.67x²	0.54	0.001	0.024	Y= 31.75 + 25.21x	0.39	0.004	0.477	Y=23.02 + 14.46x	0.19	0.015	0.475
N ingested (g kg^-1 BW^-0.75)	Y= 1.11 - 0.02x + 0.11x²	0.95	0.001	0.001	Y= 1.07 + 0.09x + 0.09x²	0.95	0.001	0.001	Y= 0.80 + 0.32x	0.86	0.001	0.969
N faecal (g kg^-1 BW^-0.75)	Y= 0.39 - 0.10x + 0.06x²	0.80	0.001	0.004	Y= 0.34 - 0.05x + 0.05x²	0.81	0.001	0.028	Y= 0.23 + 0.09x	0.48	0.001	0.198

Item	Nutritional plan (g kg^-1)			Breed composition			SEM	p-value
Item	11	14	19	Holstein	F1	Gyr	SEM	NP	BC	NP × BC
Dry matter (g kg^-1)	713.00	704.61	701.25	712.72	702.88	703.41	3.1439	0.303	0.363	0.097
Organic matter (g kg^-1)	737.96	727.87	720.50	733.28	725.52	727.54	3.1063	0.076	0.554	0.059
Gross energy (g kg^-1)	719.17	708.54	701.95	713.77	704.68	711.20	3.2299	0.101	0.562	0.065
Crude protein (g kg^-1)	721.96	712.35	702.61	707.40	704.55	724.98	3.5741	0.102	0.290	0.073
NDF (g kg^-1)	491.57	478.20	485.31	490.25	490.17	474.66	6.1737	0.682	0.752	0.674
Ether extract (g kg^-1)	860.96	858.76	821.21	834.21	819.05	871.55	6.5521	0.014	0.073	0.019
NFC (g kg^-1)	920.98	913.84	896.87	919.03	908.68	903.98	3.3523	0.010_L	0.187	0.126

Item	11 g kg^-1			14 g kg^-1			19 g kg^-1
Item	Holstein	F1	Gyr	Holstein	F1	Gyr	Holstein	F1	Gyr
Ingested N (g kg^-1)	87.05a	83.23a	97.37a	121.47a	123.37a	125.62a	186.66a	189.75a	157.01b
Faecal N (g kg^-1)	28.32a	25.56a	28.28a	36.77a	37.98a	38.51a	59.78a	63.87a	43.67b
Retained N (g kg^-1)	50.14a	37.73a	55.63a	59.49a	64.98a	60.96a	110.2a	79.88a	78.10a
Ingested N (g kg^-1 BW^-0,75)	1.13a	1.13a	1.12a	1.45a	1.47a	1.43a	1.99a	1.99a	1.74b
Faecal N (g kg^-1 BW^-0,75)	0.35a	0.34a	0.31a	0.43a	0.44a	0.43a	0.62a	0.65a	0.48b

Item	Nutritional plan (g kg^-1)			Breed composition group			SEM	p-value
Item	11	14	19	Holstein	F1	Gyr	SEM	NP	BC	NP x BC
Initial BW (kg)	369.58	390.25	402.79	402.88	456.79	302.96	-	-	-	-
ADG (kg per dia)	0.398	0.629	0.800	0.605	0.636	0.585	0.0369	0.001*	0.783	0.584
Feed efficiency (FE, kg kg^-1)	0.084	0.104	0.099	0.090	0.099	0.097	0.0031	0.059	0.511	0.831

Item	Nutritional plan (g kg^-1)			Breed composition			SEM	p-value
Item	11	14	19	Holstein	F1	Gyr	SEM	NP	BC	NP × BC
Ingested N (g kg^-1)	89.22	123.49	177.81	131.73	132.12	126.67	5.5030	0.001	0.419	0.001
Faecal N (g kg^-1)	27.39	37.75	55.77	41.62	42.47	36.82	1.8156	0.001	0.114	0.001
Urine n (g kg^-1)⁽¹⁾	20.46	30.66	39.18	23.17	35.29	31.53	2.5898	0.009*	0.110	0.223
Retained N (g kg^-1)	49.01	64.82	86.06	72.71	61.90	65.28	3.5173	0.001	0.111	0.031
Ingested N (g kg^-1 BW^-0,75)	1.13	1.45	1.91	1.53	1.43	1.52	0.0351	0.001	0.003	0.001
Faecal N (g kg^-1 BW^-0,75)	0.33	0.43	0.59	0.47	0.48	0.41	0.0130	0.001	0.024	0.001
Urine N (g kg^-1 BW^-0,75)⁽²⁾	0.31	0.41	0.48	0.34	0.46	0.41	0.0236	0.021*	0.118	0.243
Retained N (kg BW^-0,75)⁽³⁾	0.56	0.68	0.92	0.80	0.67	0.69	0.0292	0.001*	0.088	0.098