Macromineral requirements of Holstein calves

The objective of this work was to quantify the net requirements for the maintenance (NR_m) and growth (NR_g), as well as the retention coefficient (RC) of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and magnesium, of Holstein calves. The NR_m were 87.8, 20.8, 4.36, 2.21, and 1.01 mg kg^-1 of empty body weight for Ca, P, Na, K, and Mg, respectively. The RC was 0.882, 0.473, 0.274, 0.088, and 0.052 for Ca, P, Na, K, and Mg respectively. The requirements of Ca and P of Holstein calves are higher than those estimated for adult animals.

Index terms:
mineral nutrition; nutrient requirement; ruminants

Authorship

João Paulo Pacheco Rodrigues

Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Zootecnia, Avenida P.H. Rolfs, Campus Universitário, s/no, CEP 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil. E-mail: joaopaulo0511@hotmail.com, jessika.moutinho@gmail.com, marcelozot@gmail.com, scvfilho@ufv.br, mariochizzotti@gmail.com, marcos.marcondes@ufv.brUniversidade Federal de ViçosaBrazilViçosa, MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Zootecnia, Avenida P.H. Rolfs, Campus Universitário, s/no, CEP 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil. E-mail: joaopaulo0511@hotmail.com, jessika.moutinho@gmail.com, marcelozot@gmail.com, scvfilho@ufv.br, mariochizzotti@gmail.com, marcos.marcondes@ufv.br

Jéssika Carolina Moutinho Lima

Marcelo Messias Duarte Castro

Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho

Mario Luiz Chizzotti

Mariana Magalhães Campos

Embrapa Gado de Leite, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, no 610, CEP 36038-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. E-mail: fernanda.machado@embrapa.br, mariana.campos@embrapa.brEmbrapa Gado de LeiteBrazilJuiz de Fora, MG, BrazilEmbrapa Gado de Leite, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, no 610, CEP 36038-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. E-mail: fernanda.machado@embrapa.br, mariana.campos@embrapa.br

Fernanda Samarini Machado

Marcos Inácio Marcondes

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (2)

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Table 1.
Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of the mean (SEM) of body characteristics and composition of the calves.

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Table 2.
Parameters of equations to estimate retained minerals as a function of intake (mg per day), equations to estimate net requirements for growth, and dietary estimates of mineral requirements of Holstein calves.

Table 1. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard error of the mean (SEM) of body characteristics and composition of the calves.

Characteristic and composition		Mean	Minimum	Maximum	SEM
DMI (kg per day)		0.82	0.14	2.70	0.046
BW (kg)		59.8	21.0	112.0	4.09
EBW (kg)		54.2	20.5	93.5	3.37
EBW/BW		0.92	0.80	0.99	0.010
BWG (g per day)		491	143	890	41.3
EBWG (g per day)		400	125	705	36.4
EBWG/BWG		0.81	0.56	0.97	0.022
Carcass (g kg^-1) BW		515	416	590	5.9
Body composition (g kg^-1) EBW
	Crude protein	149	125	174	2.2
	Ether extract	44.2	20.0	79.8	2.21
	Ash	38.8	28.6	52.3	0.91
	Ca	8.33	4.94	15.99	0.357
	P	4.43	3.17	7.93	0.160
	Na	1.25	0.67	1.72	0.034
	K	0.675	0.455	0.963	0.0193
	Mg	0.302	0.197	0.513	0.0099

DMI, dry matter intake; BW, body weight; EBW, empty body weight; BWG, body weight gain; EBWG, empty body weight gain.

Table 2. Parameters of equations to estimate retained minerals as a function of intake (mg per day), equations to estimate net requirements for growth, and dietary estimates of mineral requirements of Holstein calves.

Function	Mineral	Equation	RMSE	r²	p-value	Dietary requirements EBW (kg)
Function	Mineral	Equation	RMSE	r²	p-value	40	60	80
Maintenance (a)		Retained (RM; mg BW^-1) as a function of ingested (IM; mg BW^-1)				-------(g per day)-------
	Ca	RM = -87.7 + 0.882 × IM	4.71	0.44	0.01	3.98	5.97	7.95
	P	RM = -20.8 + 0.473 × IM	3.26	0.44	<0.01	1.76	2.64	3.52
	Na	RM = -4.36 + 0.274 × IM	1.87	0.21	<0.01	0.64	0.95	1.27
	K	RM = -2.21 + 0.088 × IM	1.56	0.37	0.02	1.00	1.51	2.01
	Mg	RM = -1.01 + 0.052 × IM	0.91	0.49	<0.01	0.78	1.17	1.55
Growth (b)		Net requirements for growth (NRg) (g kg^-1)				g kg^-1 EBWG
	Ca	20.6 × EBW^-0.34	84.1	0.66	<0.01	6.66	5.81	5.26
	P	9.50 × EBW^-0.38	41.9	0.74	<0.01	4.94	4.24	3.80
	Na	2.22 × EBW^-0.21	9.47	0.89	<0.01	3.73	3.43	3.23
	K	0.774 × EBW^-0.04	6.23	0.83	<0.01	7.59	7.47	7.38
	Mg	0.518 × EBW^-0.19	2.79	0.78	<0.01	4.94	4.58	4.33

^(a)
Intercept is interpreted as net requirements for maintenance (NR_m), and slope as retention coefficient (RC). ^(b)Dispersion and significance statistics are from the generating predicted allometric equations. EBW, empty body weight; BW, body weight; EBWG, empty body weight gain.

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Macromineral requirements of Holstein calves

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Mensagem

[TFN1] DMI, dry matter intake; BW, body weight; EBW, empty body weight; BWG, body weight gain; EBWG, empty body weight gain.