Diversidade morfológica e chave de identificação para variedades locais de cará na Amazônia Central

O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar um conjunto ideal de descritores morfológicos para caracterizar a diversidade fenotípica de variedades locais de cará (Dioscorea trifida) cultivadas no Município de Caapiranga, na região da Amazônia central, e desenvolver uma chave de identificação botânica. Uma coleção de 140 acessos e um cultivo experimental com uma amostra representativa de 20 variedades regionais foram utilizados para testar 64 descritores morfológicos para as partes aéreas e subterrâneas da planta. Foram selecionados 48 descritores, dos quais 13 para tubérculos, 12 para caules, 14 para folhas e 9 para inflorescências e sementes. Uma análise de agrupamento baseada nos dados morfológicos mostrou a formação de dois grupos de variedades locais com maior similaridade: tubérculos de polpa branca e de polpa roxa. Os resultados fornecem ferramentas para programas de conservação in situ e ex situ e de melhoramento, considerando-se a importância de manter e reconhecer o valor do cará como recurso genético nativo importante para a segurança alimentar na região.

Termos para indexação:
Dioscorea trifida; agrobiodiversidade; Dioscoraceae; recursos genéticos; plantas alimentícias nativas; similaridade fenotípica

Autoria

Patrick Beyerlein

Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, no 6.200, Coroado I, CEP 69080-970 Manaus, AM, Brazil. E-mail: diversidade@mail.com, hpereira@ufam.edu.brUniversidade Federal do AmazonasBrazilManaus, AM, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, no 6.200, Coroado I, CEP 69080-970 Manaus, AM, Brazil. E-mail: diversidade@mail.com, hpereira@ufam.edu.br

Henrique dos Santos Pereira

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figuras | Tabelas

Figuras (6)
Tabelas (3)

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Figure 1.
Collection sites of the evaluated accessions of Amerindian yam (Dioscorea trifida) in the municipalities of Manaus, Boa Vista do Ramos, Humaitá, and Caapiranga in the Central Amazon region of Brazil, according to the cartographic base of IBGE (2010)IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Base Cartográfica Contínua do Brasil na escala 1:250.000. 2010. Available at: <Available at: ftp://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/cartas_e_mapas/bases_cartograficas_continuas/bcim/ >. Accessed on: May 4 2010
ftp://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/cartas_e_mapas/... .

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Figure 2.
Tubers from one pit, and one cut tuber of each landrace of Diocorea trifida: “açaí-comprido” (A, B), “açaí-redondo” (C, D), “barbudo” (E, F), “boliviano” (G, H), and “branco-casquinha-roxa” (I, J).

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Figure 3.
Tubers from one pit and one cut tuber for each landrace of Diocorea trifida: “branco-comprido” (A, B), “branco-redondo” (C, D), “casado” (E, F), “durão” (G, H), and “japonês ” (I, J).

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Figure 4.
Tubers from one pit and one cut tuber for each landrace of Diocorea trifida: “macaxeira” (A, B), “mão-de-onça” (C, D), “ovo-de-cavalo” (E, F), “pé-de-burro” (G, H), and “pé-de-elefante” (I, J).

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Figure 5.
Tubers from one pit and one cut tuber for each landrace of Diocorea trifida: “pé-de-porco” (A, B), “preto” (C, D), “rabo-de-mucura” (E, F), “roxo-comum” (G, H), and “roxo-de-humaitá” (I, J).

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Figure 6.
Cluster analysis based on 49 morphological descriptors of 20 landraces of Dioscorea trifida, using the Jaccard index and the UPGMA cluster method.

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Table 1.
Accessions of the Amerindian yam (Dioscorea trifida) selected for the experimental planting, with their respective origins, popular names, and geographical coordinates.

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Table 2.
Results of the soil analysis of the experimental cultivation area of Amerindian yam (Dioscorea trifida) in the Central Amazon region of Brazil.

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Table 3.
Morphological descriptors and characteristics for tubers, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits of 20 landraces of Diocorea trifida.

Figure 1. Collection sites of the evaluated accessions of Amerindian yam (Dioscorea trifida) in the municipalities of Manaus, Boa Vista do Ramos, Humaitá, and Caapiranga in the Central Amazon region of Brazil, according to the cartographic base of IBGE (2010)IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Base Cartográfica Contínua do Brasil na escala 1:250.000. 2010. Available at: <Available at: ftp://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/cartas_e_mapas/bases_cartograficas_continuas/bcim/ >. Accessed on: May 4 2010
ftp://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/cartas_e_mapas/... .

Figure 2. Tubers from one pit, and one cut tuber of each landrace of Diocorea trifida: “açaí-comprido” (A, B), “açaí-redondo” (C, D), “barbudo” (E, F), “boliviano” (G, H), and “branco-casquinha-roxa” (I, J).

Figure 3. Tubers from one pit and one cut tuber for each landrace of Diocorea trifida: “branco-comprido” (A, B), “branco-redondo” (C, D), “casado” (E, F), “durão” (G, H), and “japonês ” (I, J).

Figure 4. Tubers from one pit and one cut tuber for each landrace of Diocorea trifida: “macaxeira” (A, B), “mão-de-onça” (C, D), “ovo-de-cavalo” (E, F), “pé-de-burro” (G, H), and “pé-de-elefante” (I, J).

Figure 5. Tubers from one pit and one cut tuber for each landrace of Diocorea trifida: “pé-de-porco” (A, B), “preto” (C, D), “rabo-de-mucura” (E, F), “roxo-comum” (G, H), and “roxo-de-humaitá” (I, J).

Figure 6. Cluster analysis based on 49 morphological descriptors of 20 landraces of Dioscorea trifida, using the Jaccard index and the UPGMA cluster method.

Table 1. Accessions of the Amerindian yam (Dioscorea trifida) selected for the experimental planting, with their respective origins, popular names, and geographical coordinates.

Accession	Municipality	Community	Popular name	Cultivation area	Latitude	Longitude
1	Caapiranga	Maloca	Rabo-de-mucura	1	3°17'37.4"S	61°11'04.7"W
2	Caapiranga	Patauá	Branco-casquinha-roxa	2	3°18'17.2"S	61°11'47.5"W
3	Caapiranga	Lago de Arara	Casado	3	3°24'55.9"S	61°22'03.4"W
4	Caapiranga	Lago de Arara	Durão	3	3°24'55.9"S	61°22'03.4"W
5	Caapiranga	Lago de Arara	Boliviano	4	3°25'16.0"S	61°22'58.9"W
6	Caapiranga	Lago de Arara	Açaí-redondo	4	3°25'16.0"S	61°22'58.9"W
7	Caapiranga	Lago de Arara	Barbudo	5	3°24'51.5"S	61°22'08.6"W
8	Manacapuru	Membeca	Pé-de-burro	6	3°08'48.6"S	61°08'28.7"W
9	Manacapuru	Membeca	Ovo-de-cavalo	6	3°08'48.6"S	61°08'28.7"W
10	Caapiranga	Campinas	Açaí-comprido	7	3°18'47.7"S	61°06'59.5"W
11	Caapiranga	City	Mão-de-onça	8	3°19'47.2"S	61°12'37.8"W
12	Caapiranga	City	Branco-comprido	9	3°19'34.9"S	61°12'50.3"W
13	Caapiranga	Estrada Ary Antunes	Branco-redondo	10	3°17'02.4"S	61°12'52.9"W
14	Caapiranga	Estrada Ary Antunes	Pé-de-elefante	11	3°16'09.5"S	61°13'30.1"W
15	Caapiranga	Estrada Ary Antunes	Roxo-comum	12	3°17'42.4"S	61°12'49.1"W
16	Caapiranga	Estrada Ary Antunes	Macaxeira	13	3°17'59.5"S	61°12'41.6"W
17	Manaus	Colônia Japonesa	Japonês	14	3°04'18.0"S	59°59'13.8"W
18	Boa Vista do Ramos	City	Preto	15	2°58'11.1"S	57°35'26.5"W
19	Boa Vista do Ramos	City	Pé-de-porco	15	2°58'11.1"S	57°35'26.5"W
20	Humaitá	City	Roxo-de-humaitá	16	7°30'28.55"S	63°1'13.97"W

Table 2. Results of the soil analysis of the experimental cultivation area of Amerindian yam (Dioscorea trifida) in the Central Amazon region of Brazil.

pH H₂O	C	SOM	P	K	Na	Ca	Mg	Al	H+Al	SB	CECef	CECpot	BS	m	Fe	Zn	Mn	Cu
pH H₂O	---(g kg^-1)---		----(mg dm^-3)----			----------------------(cmol_c dm^-3)----------------------							---(%)---		-------(mg dm^-3)-------
4.1	19	32.7	2	17	2	0.1	0.1	1.9	6.17	0.3	2.2	6.5	4.4	87	138	0.46	1.1	0.2

C, organic carbon; SOM, soil organic matter; SB, sum of exchangeable bases; CECef, effective cation-exchange capacity; CECpot, cation-exchange capacity at pH 7; BS, base saturation index; m, aluminum saturation index.

Table 3. Morphological descriptors and characteristics for tubers, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits of 20 landraces of Diocorea trifida.

Descriptors	Characteristics
	Tubers
Tuber development distance from the center of the pit	Very distant, >1.2 m; distant, 0.7-1.2 m; close, 0.3-0.7 m; very close, <0.3 m.
Presence of roots	Absent; scarce; dense.
Location of the roots	All over the tuber uniformly; concentrated in the apical part.
Roughness of the skin	Smooth almost wrinkle free; medium roughness; deep wrinkles; two types of wrinkles (linear wrinkles in the apical part, and poly-angular wrinkles in the distal part
Color of the skin	Brown; dark brown.
Thickness of the skin	Very thin, < 0.5mm; thin> 0.5mm.
Color of the buds	Green; yellowish-green; light purple; dark purple.
Capacity of budding	Easy; difficult (up to one month later).
Tendency to branch	Absent; slight; moderate.
Tuber shape	Round; oval and less oblong; oval; oval and very oblong; cylindrical; triangular, distal part wider; curved; apical part thin and long; wider than long; flat and irregular.
Color of the tuber flesh	White; yellowish-white; light purple; dark purple; white with a thin purple layer (≤ 1mm) of the outermost cortex; white with purple spots; white with a purple outer layer of 0.5-1 cm and a purple apical part; purple with light spots; purple with a white layer of 1-2 cm in the distal part.
Uniformity of tuber flesh color	Uniform; polycolored.
Brownish oxidation of the tuber flesh after cutting	Non browning; intensive browning; browning only in the exterior part or in some spots.
	Stems
Color of young stem > 30 cm	Green; green with little purple pigmentation (PP).
Color of young stem wings >30 cm	Green; green with little PP; green with much PP.
Presence of wings on the young stem	Present; absent.
Color of mature stem (1 m height)	Green; brownish-green; green with little PP; green with much PP.
Color of mature stem wings (1 m height)	Green; green with little PP; green with much PP.
Color of mature stem (15 cm height)	Green; brownish-green; green with little PP; green with much PP; dark purple.
Color of mature stem wings (15 cm height)	Green; green with little PP; green with much PP.
Growing habit of the stem	Straight; slightly zigzag.
Many lateral branches	Present; absent.
Number of internodes until fully opened first leaves	Five to nine; more than nine.
Average diameter of the mature stem	Obtained by measuring the diameter of stem, at 15 cm height from the base of the plant, five measurements per plant, two plants per plot in each block.
Average length of the internodes	Obtained by measuring the distance between leaf scars, at 1 m height from the base of plant, five measurements per plant, two plants per plot in each block.
	Leaves
Color of the mature leaf	Light green; green; dark green.
Color of the petiole of the young leaf	Green; green with slight PP at the base and junction with the leaf blade; Green with intensive PP at the base and junction with the leaf blade; all petiole with PP more intense at the base and junction with the leaf blade; brown; dark purple.
Presence of wings on the petiole	Present; absent.
Color of the young petiole wings	Light green; green with little PP; green with many PP.
Color of the petiole of the mature leaf	Green; reen with little PP; green with much PP; green with PP at the base and junction with the leaf blade; all petiole with PP, more intense at the base and junction with the leaf blade; reddish-brown; dark purple; base remains green, but other parts with PP.
Color of the mature petiole wings	Green; green with little PP; green with much PP.
Density the foliage	Low; intermediate; high.
Number of lobes	Predominantly 3; predominantly 5.
Deepness of the lobes	Less deep; very deep; very deep and less deep (two types)
Distance between the two upper lobes and the petiole	No distance; little distance; intermediate; very distant
Size of the main lobe	Particularly large (more than twice the size of other lobes); regular (same or slightly larger).
Average diameter of the leaf	Obtained by measuring the maximum diameter of the leaf area, five measurements of mature leaves per plant, two plants per plot in each block.
Average length of leaves	Obtained by measuring the maximum length of the leaf area, five measurements of mature leaves per plant, two plants per plot in each block.
Average length of petioles	Obtained by measuring the length of five petioles of mature leaves, two plants per plot in each block.
	Flowers and fruit
Months until flowering after budding	Before four months; between four and five months; between six and seven months; without flowering.
Sex	Female; male.
Number of male inflorescences	Few (50-100); medium (100-200); many (>200).
Spikes often with double flowers	Present; absent.
Spikes with lateral branches	Present; absent.
Single or double flowers in the leaf axils without spikes	Present; absent.
Number of female inflorescences	Few (1-30); medium (30-60); many (60-100).
Shape of fruit	Very oblong; less oblong, almost round.
Average number of flowers per inflorescence	Obtained by counting the flowers of five inflorescences, two plants per plot in each block.

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Diversidade morfológica e chave de identificação para variedades locais de cará na Amazônia Central

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Mensagem

[TFN1] C, organic carbon; SOM, soil organic matter; SB, sum of exchangeable bases; CECef, effective cation-exchange capacity; CECpot, cation-exchange capacity at pH 7; BS, base saturation index; m, aluminum saturation index.