Meat quality and performance of pigs fed diets with fish silage meal

The objective of this work was to determine the nutrient digestibility and metabolizable energy (ME) of fish silage, as well as to evaluate the effect of the dietary inclusion of fish silage meal (FSM) in diets on the performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, sensory analysis of meat and mortadella, and economic viability of growing and finishing pigs. In the digestibility assay, 16 barrows (33.20±4.93 kg) received diets with and without FSM. The fish silage had 39.01% crude protein and 4,032 kcal kg^-1 ME. In the performance assay, 32 barrows (26.00±1.68 kg) were fed diets containing different inclusion levels of FSM (0, 25, 50, and 75%). FSM, obtained from the mixture (1:1) of fish silage with corn, showed a quadratic effect on average daily gain, and the best result was obtained with the inclusion level of 25.83%. The results for feed conversion and economic viability indicate that up to 25% FSM, corresponding to 5.87% of fish silage based on dry matter, can be used in the pig growing and finishing phases.

Index terms:
Sus domesticus; alternative feedstuff; digestibility; economic viability; fishing residue; sensory analysis

Authorship

Rayssa Santos Cândido

Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Campus do Pici, Avenida Mister Hull, no 2.977, Caixa Postal 12.168, CEP 60021-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. E-mail: rayssacandido91@gmail.com, pedrowatanabe@ufc.br, pjoycezoo@gmail.com, julianamendeszootecnia@gmail.comUniversidade Federal do CearáBrazilFortaleza, CE, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Campus do Pici, Avenida Mister Hull, no 2.977, Caixa Postal 12.168, CEP 60021-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. E-mail: rayssacandido91@gmail.com, pedrowatanabe@ufc.br, pjoycezoo@gmail.com, julianamendeszootecnia@gmail.com

Pedro Henrique Watanabe

Paula Joyce Delmiro de Oliveira

Alysson Lira Angelim

Biotrends Soluções Biotecnológicas, Campus do Pici, Avenida Mister Hull, no 2.977, PadeTec, Bloco 310, Galpão 16, CEP 60440-593 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. E-mail: alysson@biotrends.com.br, leonardo@biotrends.com.brBiotrends Soluções BiotecnológicasBrazilFortaleza, CE, BrazilBiotrends Soluções Biotecnológicas, Campus do Pici, Avenida Mister Hull, no 2.977, PadeTec, Bloco 310, Galpão 16, CEP 60440-593 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. E-mail: alysson@biotrends.com.br, leonardo@biotrends.com.br

André de Freitas Siqueira

Piscis Indústria e Comércio Ltda., Avenida Vereador Sobrinho, no 935, CEP 63490-000 Jaguaribara, CE, Brazil. E-mail: andrefsiqueira01@gmail.com, julio.ximenes@gmail.comPiscis Indústria e Comércio LtdaBrazilJaguaribara, CE, BrazilPiscis Indústria e Comércio Ltda., Avenida Vereador Sobrinho, no 935, CEP 63490-000 Jaguaribara, CE, Brazil. E-mail: andrefsiqueira01@gmail.com, julio.ximenes@gmail.com

Julio César Martins Ximenes

Leonardo Ribeiro Oliveira Normando

Juliana Mendes Melo

Ednardo Rodrigues Freitas

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (6)

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Table 1.
Centesimal, chemical, and energetic composition of the experimental diets for pigs fed increasing levels of fish silage meal (FSM) - 0, 25, 50, and 75% - at the growing and finishing phases.

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Table 2.
Chemical composition, coefficients of digestibility and metabolizability, digestible nutrients, and metabolizable energy of fish silage.

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Table 3.
Performance of pigs fed increasing levels of fish silage meal (FSM) at the growing and finishing phases.

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Table 4.
Carcass characteristics and meat quality of pigs fed increasing levels of fish silage meal (FSM) at the growing and finishing phases.

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Table 5.
Sensory analysis of meat and mortadella produced from pigs fed increasing levels of fish silage meal (FSM) during the growing and finishing phases.

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Table 6.
Economic viability of different inclusion levels of fish silage meal (FSM) in diets for pigs at the growing and finishing phases.

Table 1. Centesimal, chemical, and energetic composition of the experimental diets for pigs fed increasing levels of fish silage meal (FSM) - 0, 25, 50, and 75% - at the growing and finishing phases.

Ingredient	Control diet	Growing phase I (30 to 50 kg)				Growing phase II (50 to 70 kg)				Finishing phase (70 to 100 kg)
Ingredient	Control diet	FSM0	FSM25	FSM50	FSM75	FSM0	FSM25	FSM50	FSM75	FSM0	FSM25	FSM50	FSM75
Corn grain	74.32	70.19	48.02	24.39	0.69	74.20	51.10	27.31	3.98	78.69	55.07	31.37	7.68
Soybean meal	22.45	26.32	23.79	21.66	19.40	22.90	20.67	18.51	16.20	18.65	16.67	14.44	12.21
Soybean oil	0.20	0.57	0.06	0.00	0.00	0.24	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Fish silage meal	0.00	0.00	25.00	50.00	75.00	0.00	25.00	50.00	75.00	0.00	25.00	50.00	75.00
Dicalcium phosphate	1.50	1.12	1.24	1.36	1.49	0.90	1.02	1.15	01.44	0.82	1.10	1.22	1.35
Limestone	0.50	0.65	0.61	0.56	0.52	0.61	0.56	0.52	0.50	0.59	0.48	0.44	0.39
L-lysine	0.25	0.21	0.27	0.32	0.38	0.24	0.29	0.35	0.41	0.29	0.33	0.39	0.45
DL-methionine	0.08	0.03	0.04	0.06	0.08	0.02	0.04	0.06	0.07	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03
L-threonine	0.03	0.04	0.05	0.07	0.09	0.05	0.06	0.08	0.10	0.07	0.09	0.11	0.13
L-tryptophan	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.02	0.00	0.01	0.02	0.03
MVS⁽¹⁾	0.40	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
Salt	0.30	0.35	0.37	0.39	0.41	0.33	0.35	0.37	0.42	0.32	0.35	0.37	0.40
Inert	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.62	1.37	0.00	0.38	1.12	1.35	0.05	0.33	1.06	1.79
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Cost (R$ kg^-1)	0.99	0.99	0.98	0.97	0.97	0.95	0.94	0.94	0.95	0.92	0.91	0.91	0.91
	Calculated nutritional composition
Metabolizable energy (kcal kg^-1)	3230	3230	3230	3230	3230	3230	3230	3230	3240	3230	3240	3240	3240
Crude protein (%)	16.82	18.25	18.25	18.30	18.30	17.07	17.11	17.15	17.15	15.59	15.70	15.70	15.70
Calcium (%)	0.642	0.635	0.634	0.632	0.630	0.557	0.559	0.558	0.60	0.519	0.530	0.532	0.532
Available phosphorus (%)	0.319	0.314	0.314	0.312	0.315	0.278	0.279	0.279	0.30	0.258	0.281	0.282	0.280
Total lysine (%)	1.053	1.072	1.072	1.072	1.070	1.010	1.012	1.012	1.011	0.945	0.946	0.945	0.946
Total methionine+cysteine (%)	0.550	0.622	0.623	0.625	0.623	0.591	0.592	0.591	0.578	0.560	0.546	0.529	0.519
Total threonine (%)	0.743	0.739	0.744	0.741	0.742	0.702	0.703	0.701	0.701	0.670	0.671	0.672	0.673
Total tryptophan (%)	0.224	0.193	0.192	0.192	0.524	0.182	0.183	0.182	0.182	0.170	0.172	0.171	0.172
Sodium (%)	0.185	0.182	0.183	0.182	0.181	0.171	0.171	0.171	0.172	0.169	0.171	0.172	0.171

⁽¹⁾
MVS (mineral and vitamin supplement): the premix supplied the following ingredients per kilogram of feed: 2,500,000 IU vitamin A, 500,000 IU vitamin D3, 50 mg biotin, 50 mg choline, 10,000 mg niacin, 3,000 mg calcium pantothenate, 7 mg vitamin B12, 1,800 mg vitamin B2, 7,500 mg vitamin E, 1,000 mg vitamin K3, 40,000 mg iron, 35,000 mg copper, 20,000 mg manganese, 40,000 mg zinc, 360 mg cobalt, 840 mg iodine, and 120 mg selenium.

Table 2. Chemical composition, coefficients of digestibility and metabolizability, digestible nutrients, and metabolizable energy of fish silage.

Variable	Composition	Digestibility	Metabolizability	Digestible nutrients	Metabolizable energy
Dry matter (%)	30.69	47.80	-	14.68	-
Mineral matter (%)	14.45	25.19	-	3.64	-
Ether extract (%)	29.78	79.78	-	23.76	-
Crude protein (%)	39.01	93.58	-	36.50	-
Gross energy (kcal kg^-1)	5,143.00	-	78.40	-	4,032.09

Table 3. Performance of pigs fed increasing levels of fish silage meal (FSM) at the growing and finishing phases.

Variable	FSM inclusion level (%)				CV (%)	Regression
Variable	0	25	50	75	CV (%)	Effect	p-value	Adjusted R²
	Period I (70 to 97 days)⁽¹⁾
Daily feed intake (DFI, kg)	2.03	2.11	2.03	1.84	10.79	ns	0.086	0.38
Daily weight gain (DWG, kg)	1.07	1.11	1.06	0.95*	10.62	Quadratic	0.025	0.78
Feed conversion (FC)	1.89	1.91	1.93	1.95	9.40	ns	0.052	0.34
	Period II (70 to 122 days)⁽²⁾
DFI (kg)	2.39	2.56	2.49	2.29	10.48	ns	0.086	0.42
DWG (kg)	1.06	1.09	1.01	0.89*	9.83	Quadratic	<0.01	0.82
FC	2.25	2.35	2.48*	2.51*	6.48	Linear	<0.01	0.89
	Period III (70 to 157 days)⁽³⁾
DFI (kg)	2.50	2.59	2.60	2.28*	10.58	Quadratic	<0.01	0.81
DWG (kg)	1.03	1.10	1.02	0.94*	8.19	Quadratic	0.01	0.83
FC	2.34	2.35	2.55*	2.47*	7.04	Quadratic	<0.01	0.86

⁽¹⁾
Quadratic effect, Y = 1.1516 + 0.0025x - 0.00005x². ⁽²⁾Quadratic effect, Y = 1.0676 + 0.0018x - 0.00005x²; and linear effect, Y = 2.0436 + 0.00357x. ⁽³⁾Quadratic effect, Y=2.3283 + 0.0133x - 0.00022x² (DFI), Y = 1.0481 + 0.0031x - 0.00006x² (DWG), and Y = 2.0671 + 0.0083x - 0.00008x² (FC). *Significant differences between the treatment and the control according to Dunnett’s test, at 5% probability. ^nsNonsignificant.

Table 4. Carcass characteristics and meat quality of pigs fed increasing levels of fish silage meal (FSM) at the growing and finishing phases.

Variable	FSM inclusion level (%)				Coefficient of variation (%)	Regression
Variable	0	25	50	75	Coefficient of variation (%)	Effect	p-value	Adjusted R²
	Quantitative characteristics⁽¹⁾
Slaughter weight (kg)	98.45	101.83	96.08	88.31	4.38	ns	0.187	0.12
Hot carcass weight (HCW, kg)	72.12	73.49	69.38	62.95	5.27	ns	0.171	0.25
Carcass yield (CY, %)	73.26	72.17	72.21	71.28*	2.15	ns	0.058	0.36
Carcass length (CL, cm)	0.91	0.92	0.90	0.93	3.39	ns	0.935	0.23
Mean back fat thickness (MBT, mm)	2.73	2.37	2.58	1.98*	19.99	Linear	0.036	0.69
Loin depth (LD, mm)	6.36	6.54	5.96	5.78*	10.19	Linear	0.024	0.78
Fat depth (FD, mm)	1.02	0.97	0.98	0.87*	32.24	Linear	0.028	0.82
Lean meat content (LMC, kg)	45.49	43.84	43.52	44.58	4.28	ns	0.163	0.28
Percentage of lean meat (LM, %)	63.78	64.06	63.84	64.13	0.44	ns	0.112	0.38
Loin eye area (LEA, cm²)	40.54	38.46	38.18	37.82	12.37	ns	0.534	0.21
Fat area (FA, cm²)	10.97	9.28	8.72	8.14*	20.79	Linear	0.017	0.79
Fat/meat ratio (F/M)	3.83	4.35	4.39	4.65	15.83	ns	0.812	0.22
Bonification index (BI)	118.43	118.45	118.15	118.65	0.26	ns	0.174	0.36
	Qualitative characteristics
pH	5.78	5.69	5.69	5.79	1.63	ns	0.049	0.48
Water retention capacity (WRC, %)	1.76	1.72	1.72	1.74	2.98	ns	0.358	0.25
Lightness (L*)	56.99	57.43	70.12	56.84	29.11	ns	0.365	0.36
Chromaticity coordinates (a*)	14.96	16.30	15.70	15.42	6.53	ns	0.090	0.39
Chromaticity coordinates (b*)	10.78	11.67	10.44	10.85	9.05	ns	0.110	0.37
CL (%)	23.37	24.63	23.42	22.45	17.38	ns	0.763	0.29
Shear force (SF, kgf cm^-2)	8.52	7.67	8.27	9.69	6.80	ns	0.429	0.42

⁽¹⁾
Linear effect, Y = 72.9726 - 0.0235x (MBT), Y = 2.6485 - 0.0081x (LD), Y = 6.3191 - 0.0092x (FD), and Y = 1.1138 - 0.0051x (FA). *Significant differences between the treatment and the control according to Dunnett’s test, at 5% probability. ^nsNonsignificant.

Table 5. Sensory analysis of meat and mortadella produced from pigs fed increasing levels of fish silage meal (FSM) during the growing and finishing phases.

Parameter	FSM inclusion level (%)				Coefficient of variation (%)	Regression
Parameter	0	25	50	75	Coefficient of variation (%)	Effect	p-value	Adjusted R²
	Meat ⁽¹⁾
“Normal” aroma	5.69	5.70	5.38	5.69	31.57	ns	0.924	0.12
“Strange” aroma	1.36	0.82	1.11	0.81	36.00	ns	0.509	0.10
“Normal” taste	4.72	5.38	5.43	5.32	37.71	ns	0.479	0.23
“Strange” taste	1.25	0.52	1.16	0.73	43.62	ns	0.735	0.18
Color	4.65	4.10	4.30	5.00	39.71	ns	0.276	0.11
Hardness	4.31	3.43*	2.80*	3.92*	50.25	Quadratic	0.022	0.78
Juiciness	4.17	3.98	4.25	2.81	57.31	ns	0.129	0.25
Overall acceptance	5.28	5.13	4.97	4.15*	27.89	Linear	0.015	0.83
	Mortadella⁽²⁾
Aroma	7.07	7.18	7.51	7.16	18.41	ns	0.139	0.15
Taste	6.01	6.49*	6.37*	6.18	17.78	Quadratic	0.040	0.75
Color	7.11	7.45*	7.93*	7.60*	26.36	Quadratic	0.018	0.82
Texture	6.47	6.86	7.07	6.85	23.53	ns	0.069	0.12
Overall acceptance	6.84	7.28*	7.49*	7.29	17.65	Quadratic	0.013	0.81

⁽¹⁾
Quadratic effect, Y = 4.387778 - 0.067156x + 0.000800x²; and linear effect, Y = 5.256389 + 0.005922x. ⁽²⁾Quadratic effect, Y = 6.027259 + 0.022069x - 0.000272x² (taste), Y = 7.091873 + 0.026601x - 0.000256x² (color), and Y = 6.838970 + 0.025088x - 0.000253x² (overall acceptance). *Significant differences between the treatment and control according to Dunnett’s test, at 5% probability. ^nsNonsignificant.

Table 6. Economic viability of different inclusion levels of fish silage meal (FSM) in diets for pigs at the growing and finishing phases.

Variable	FSM inclusion level (%)				Coefficient of variation (%)	Regression
Variable	0	25	50	75	Coefficient of variation (%)	Effect	p-value	Adjusted R²
	Period I (70 to 97 days)⁽¹⁾
Cost per kg (R$)	0.99	0.98	0.97	0.97	-	-	-	-
Cost per live weight (R$)	1.89	1.88	2.06	2.07	12.27	ns	0.166	0.25
Feeding cost (R$)	40.43	41.44	40.03	40.53	8.07	ns	0.462	0.30
Economic efficiency index	99.96	100.00	99.54	99.04	9.76	ns	0.141	0.34
Average cost index	100.00	100.09	102.66	103.74	8.09	Linear	0.029	0.79
	Period II (70 to 122 days)⁽²⁾
Cost per kg (R$)	0.95	0.94	0.94	0.94	-	-	-	-
Cost per live weight (R$)	2.21	2.22	2.35*	2.38*	5.35	Linear	<0.01	0.81
Feeding cost (R$)	99.93	105.55	102.71	88.55	12.25	Quadratic	0.011	0.89
Economic efficiency index	100.00	96.69	91.13*	89.57*	6.93	Linear	<0.01	0.76
Average cost index	100.00	101.78	107.71	109.40	6.56	Linear	<0.01	0.75
	Period III (70 to 157 days)⁽³⁾
Cost per kg (R$)	0.92	0.91	0.91	0.91	-	-	-	-
Cost per live weight (R$)	2.25	2.27	2.33*	2.34*	6.68	ns	0.103	0.36
Feeding cost (R$)	162.74	163.04	165.74*	168.86*	7.32	ns	0.368	0.45
Economic efficiency index	100.00	98.39	91.04*	91.79*	7.70	Linear	0.034	0.79
Average cost index	100.00	100.47	110.10*	110.05*	6.73	Linear	<0.01	0.82

⁽¹⁾
Linear effect, Y = 136.1210 + 0.0677x. ⁽²⁾Linear effect, Y = 2.4285 + 0.00262x (cost per live weight), Y = 77.9744 -0.1208x (economic efficiency index), and Y=129.7533 + 0.1653x (average cost index); and quadratic effect, Y = 113.1421 + 0.4454x - 0.00791x² (feeding cost). ⁽³⁾Linear effect, Y = 85.8010 - 0.1093x (economic efficiency index), and Y = 115.8582 + 0.1863 (average cost index). *Significant differences between the treatment and the control according to Dunnett’s test, at 5% probability. ^nsNonsignificant.

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Meat quality and performance of pigs fed diets with fish silage meal

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Mensagem

[TFN1] ⁽¹⁾
MVS (mineral and vitamin supplement): the premix supplied the following ingredients per kilogram of feed: 2,500,000 IU vitamin A, 500,000 IU vitamin D3, 50 mg biotin, 50 mg choline, 10,000 mg niacin, 3,000 mg calcium pantothenate, 7 mg vitamin B12, 1,800 mg vitamin B2, 7,500 mg vitamin E, 1,000 mg vitamin K3, 40,000 mg iron, 35,000 mg copper, 20,000 mg manganese, 40,000 mg zinc, 360 mg cobalt, 840 mg iodine, and 120 mg selenium.