Mixes of cover crops and <i>Trichoderma asperellum</i> for enhancing soybean crop yield and sustainability

Araújo, Fernando Couto de; Nascente, Adriano Stephan; Filippi, Marta Cristina Corsi de; Silva, Mariana Aguiar

doi:10.1590/1983-40632024v5478479

Brazil

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Research Article • Pesqui. Agropecu. Trop. 54 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632024v5478479 linkcopy

Mixes of cover crops and Trichoderma asperellum for enhancing soybean crop yield and sustainability

Mixes de plantas de cobertura e Trichoderma asperellum na melhoria da sustentabilidade e produtividade da cultura da soja

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Cover crops during the off-season and multifunctional microorganisms represent strategic technologies with potential to enhance the sustainability of soybean production. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cover crop mixes and the application of multifunctional microorganisms on the economic analysis, gas exchange, yield components and grain yield of soybean plants. The experimental design followed a randomized block pattern, in a 6 × 2 factorial arrangement, with four replications. The treatments consisted of six cover crop combinations [fallow (control); millet (Pennisetum glaucum) with crotalarias (Crotalaria juncea, C. spectabilis and C. ochroleuca); millet and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajanus); millet and Urochloa ruziziensis; millet, U. ruziziensis and pigeon pea; millet and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum)], with or without the application of a Trichoderma asperellum pool. The combination of millet + U. ruziziensis and millet + U. ruziziensis + pigeon pea showed the highest dry matter production and yielded the greatest nutrients content in the straw, which could provide a reduction in fertilization for the following crop. The soybean plants cultivated after millet + U. ruziziensis and millet + U. ruziziensis + pigeon pea demonstrated elevated photosynthetic rates and improved the instantaneous water-use efficiency. The application of multifunctional microorganisms led to a 16 % increase in the photosynthetic rate of the soybean plants. The highest yield was achieved by the soybean plants cultivated in areas with millet + U. ruziziensis and millet + U. ruziziensis + pigeon pea. Moreover, the application of multifunctional microorganisms contributed to increase the pod count per meter, grains per pod, mass of 100 seeds and overall soybean grain yield.

KEYWORDS: Glycine max ; Trichoderma asperellum ; multifunctional microorganisms; crop rotation; millet

Factors	DM	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn
Cover plants	Mg ha⁻¹	kg ha⁻¹					g ha⁻¹
Fallow	4.38 c*	53 bc	6.40 bc	54 b	11.3 d	8.0 b	16.2 b	1,529 b	228 b	78 b
Millet + crotalarias	5.90 bc	69 abc	6.00 bc	47 bc	23.3 bc	10.3 b	20.2 ab	4,271 ab	162 b	59 b
Millet + pigeon pea	6.58 b	90 a	10.64 ab	56 b	27.0 abc	10.3 b	29.1 a	4,544 ab	170 b	77 b
Millet + Urochloa ruziziensis	10.15 a	71 abc	10.00 ab	132 a	31.3 ab	17.6 a	21.8 ab	4,235 ab	358 a	141 a
Millet + U. ruziziensis + pigeon pea	10.93 a	80 ab	11.80 a	159 a	35.6 a	19.1 a	22.4 ab	3,344 b	423 a	161 a
Millet + buckwheat	5.25 bc	38 c	2.20 c	9 c	20.5 cd	8.5 b	17.9 b	11,543 a	223 b	52 b
Anova (F probability test)	0.001	0.067	0.017	0.001	0.004	0.001	0.164	0.192	0.001	0.001

Factors	N	P	K	Ca	Mg Cu		Fe	Mn	Zn	Total
Cover plants	R$ ha⁻¹
Fallow	744	214	705	16.24	16.00	1.35	62	8.13	3.42	1,770
Millet + crotalarias	969	200	613	33.49	20.60	1.68	174	5.78	2.58	2,020
Millet + pigeon pea	1,264	354	731	38.81	20.60	2.42	185	6.06	3.37	2,605
Millet + U. ruziziensis	997	334	1,722	44.99	35.20	1.81	172	12.76	6.18	3,327
Millet + U. ruziziensis + pigeon pea	1,124	394	2,075	51.18	38.20	1.86	136	15.08	7.05	3,842
Millet + buckwheat	534	73	117	29.47	17.00	1.49	470	7.95	2.28	1,253

Factor	A	E	gs	A/E
Cover plants	µmol CO₂ m⁻¹ s⁻¹	mmol H₂O m⁻¹ s⁻¹		A/E
Fallow	11.62 c*	3.43 a	0.57 a	4.03 a
Millet + crotalarias	14.16 bc	3.60 a	0.64 a	4.09 a
Millet + pigeon pea	14.87 bc	3.45 a	0.60 a	4.44 a
Millet + U. ruziziensis	16.31 ab	3.64 a	0.62 a	4.75 a
Millet + U. ruziziensis + pigeon pea	18.44 a	3.54 a	0.57 a	5.77 a
Millet + buckwheat	13.68 bc	3.68 a	0.62 a	4.34 a
Use of microorganisms
With	15.97 a	3.48 a	0.62 a	5.13 a
Without	13.72 b	3.63 a	0.59 a	4.01 b
Factor	Anova (F probability test)
Cover plants (CP)	0.0045	0.9828	0.9264	0.2580
Microorganisms (M)	0.0214	0.5103	0.5205	0.0167
CP * M	0.8647	0.6792	0.9296	0.6357

Factor	Pods per meter	Seeds per pod	Mass of 100 seeds	Yield
Cover plants	Pods per meter	Seeds per pod	Mass of 100 seeds	kg ha⁻¹
Fallow	411 c*	2.44 a	16.82 a	4,022 b
Millet + crotalarias	423 c	2.50 a	17.80 a	3,642 c
Millet + pigeon pea	446 bc	2.49 a	17.18 a	4,050 b
Millet + U. ruziziensis	512 a	2.55 a	16.66 a	4,680 a
Millet + U. ruziziensis + pigeon pea	506 ab	2.55 a	16.86 a	4,980 a
Millet + buckwheat	460 abc	2.48 a	16.11 a	4,102 b
Use of microorganisms
With	492 a	2.56 a	17.31 a	4,448 a
Without	427 b	2.44 b	16.50 b	4,044 b
Factor	Anova (F probability test)
Cover plants (CP)	0.0137	0.4935	0.2674	0.0000
Microorganisms (M)	0.0014	0.0036	0.0499	0.0002
CP * M	0.6241	0.4467	0.9631	0.6603

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[TFN1] *Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ by the t test (LSD) at p ≤ 0.05. DM: dry matter. Crotalarias: mixture of Crotalaria ochroleuca, C. pectabilis and C. juncea.