Figure 1
Schematic Paracanthopoma showing homologous landmarks and derivative measurements. (A) Left lateral view of body; (B) Dorsal head view; (C) Ventral head view.
Figure 2
Map of South America showing geographical distribution of Paracanthopoma.
Figure 3
Schematic representations of the head of species of Paracanthopoma in dorsal view. (A) Pc. ahriman; (B) Pc. alleynei; (C) Pc. cangussu; (D) Pc. capeta; (E) Pc. carrapata; (F) Pc. daemon; (G) Pc. irritans; (H) Pc. malevola; (I) Pc. parva; (J) Pc. saci; (K) Pc. satanica; (L) Pc. truculenta; (M) Pc. vampyra.
Figure 4
Comparative chart of jaws and anterior portion of head of Paracanthopoma species, cleared and stained specimens, ventral views: (A) Pc. ahriman FMNH 105525; (B) Pc. alleynei MZUSP 103052; (C) Pc. cangussu MZUSP 86250; (D) Pc. capeta MZUSP 29154; (E) Pc. daemon MZUSP 95597; (F) Pc. irritans INPA 20529; (G) Pc. malevola MCP 36217; (H) Pc. parva MZUSP 30400; (I) Pc. saci MZUSP 125626; (J) Pc. satanica MZUSP 100149; (K) Pc. truculenta MZUSP 30404; (L) Pc. vampyra MZUSP 100138. Scale bars = 500 μm. Pc. carrapata not shown.
Figure 5
Paracanthopoma ahriman, FMNH 105525, holotype, 19.9 mm SL, Venezuela, T.F. Amazonas, Río Autana. (A) Lateral view of body; (B) Dorsal view of head; (C) Ventral view of head.
Figure 6
Paracanthopoma ahriman, FMNH 147290, SEM images of head. (A) Lateral; (B) Dorsal; (C) Ventral. Arrow indicates extended periodontodal fold between opercular and interopercular odontodophores. Scale bar = 500 μm.
Figure 7
Paracanthopoma ahriman, holotype FMNH 105525, CT scan images of head skeleton, (A) Lateral; (B) Dorsal; (C) Ventral. Specimen poorly calcified, some structures not properly shown.
Figure 8
Paracanthopoma alleynei, MZUSP 103052, 21.6 mm SL, Brazil, Roraima, Boa Vista, Maracá, Rio Branco. (A) Lateral view of body; (B) Dorsal view of head; (C) ventral view of head.
Figure 9
Paracanthopoma alleynei, INPA 16555, SEM images of head. (A) Dorsal; (B) Ventral. Scale bar = 500 μm.
Figure 10
Paracanthopoma alleynei, MZUSP 103052, CT scan images of head skeleton, (A) Lateral; (B) Dorsal; (C) Ventral.
Figure 11
Paracanthopoma cangussu, MZUSP 105899, 13.0 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Cocalinho, Corixão do Meio. (A) Lateral view of body; (B) Dorsal view of head; (C) ventral view of head.
Figure 12
Paracanthopoma cangussu, MZUSP 105899, CT scan images of head skeleton. (A) Lateral; (B) Dorsal; (C) Ventral. Specimen poorly calcified, some structures not properly shown.
Figure 13
Paracanthopoma capeta, holotype, MZUSP 29154, 14.5 mm SL, Brazil, Amazonas, Rio Negro. (A) Lateral view of body; (B) Dorsal view of head; (C) ventral view of head.
Figure 14
Paracanthopoma capeta, paratype, MZUSP 100144, SEM images of head. (A) Dorsal; (B) Ventral. Scale bar = 500 μm.
Figure 15
Paracanthopoma capeta, holotype MZUSP 29154, CT scan images of head skeleton, (A) Lateral; (B) Dorsal; (C) Ventral. Specimen poorly calcified, some structures not properly shown.
Figure 16
Paracanthopoma carrapata, holotype, MZUSP 100145, 23.3 mm SL, Brazil, Rondônia, Rio Madeira at Calama. (A) Lateral view of body; (B) Dorsal view of head; (C) ventral view of head.
Figure 17
Paracanthopoma carrapata, holotype MZUSP 100145, CT scan images of head skeleton, (A) Lateral; (B) Dorsal; (C) Ventral.
Figure 18
Paracanthopoma daemon, holotype, MZUSP 103047, 20.4 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Gaúcha do Norte, Rio Coronel Vanick. (A) Lateral view of body; (B) Dorsal view of head; (C) ventral view of head.
Figure 19
Paracanthopoma daemon, holotype, MZUSP 103047, CT scan images of head skeleton, (A) Lateral; (B) Dorsal; (C) Ventral.
Figure 20
Map of northern South America showing geographical distribution of Paracanthopoma ahriman, (losenge); Pc. alleynei (pentagon), Pc. cangussu (cross), Pc. capeta (6-tip star); Pc. carrapata (inverted triangle), Pc. daemon (square). Open symbols represent type localities. Some symbols may represent more than a single locality or lot of specimens.
Figure 21
Paracanthopoma irritans, holotype, MZUSP 126815, 16.5 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Rio Trombetas, (A) Lateral view of body; (B) Dorsal view of head; (C) ventral view of head.
Figure 22
Paracanthopoma irritans, paratype, MZUSP 96052, SEM images of head. (A) Dorsal; (B) Ventral. Scale bar = 500 μm.
Figure 23
Paracanthopoma irritans, holotype, MZUSP 126815, CT scan images of head skeleton, (A) Lateral; (B) Dorsal; (C) Ventral. Specimen poorly calcified, some structures not properly shown.
Figure 24
Paracanthopoma malevola, holotype, INPA 59836, 20.0 mm SL, Amazonas, Apuí, Igarapé das Araras. (A) Lateral view of body; (B) Dorsal view of head; (C) ventral view of head.
Figure 25
Paracanthopoma malevola, paratype, INPA 31566, SEM images of head. (A) Dorsal; (B) Ventral. Scale bar = 500 μm.
Figure 26
Paracanthopoma malevola, holotype, INPA 59836, CT scan images of head skeleton, (A) Lateral; (B) Dorsal; (C) Ventral.
Figure 27
Map of northern South America showing geographical distribution of Paracanthopoma irritans (dot) and Pc. malevola (triangle). Open symbols represent type localities. Some symbols may represent more than a single locality or lot of specimens.
Figure 28
Paracanthopoma parva, MNRJ 15422, 22.7 mm SL, Brazil, Rondônia, Nova União, Rio Urupá. (A) Lateral view of body; (B) Dorsal view of head; (C) ventral view of head. CAS 118205, 24.1 mm SL, Brazil, Amazonas, upper Rio Catrimani. (D) Lateral view of body; (E) Dorsal view of head; (F) Ventral view of head.
Figure 29
Paracanthopoma parva, SEM images of head. MZUSP 30400, (A) Lateral view; (B) Dorsal view; (C) Ventral view; MZUSP 74624, (D) Lateral view; (E) Dorsal view; (F) Ventral view.
Figure 30
Paracanthopoma parva, CAS 118205, Brazil, Amazonas, upper Rio Catrimani. CT scan images of head skeleton, (A) Lateral; (B) Dorsal; (C) Ventral.
Figure 31
Map of northern South America showing geographical distribution of Paracanthopoma parva. Open symbol represents type locality. Some symbols may represent more than a single locality or lot of specimens.
Figure 32.
Variation in coloration, and body and head shape in Paracanthopoma parva: (A) MZUSP 109848 rio Juruena basin; (B) MZUSP 95662 rio Teles Pires basin; (C) MZUSP 13994 rio Machado basin; (D) MUSM 4562 rio Manu basin; (E) MPEG 3328 rio Negro basin; (F) FMNH 94767 rio Orinoco basin.
Figure 33
Paracanthopoma saci, holotype, MZUSP 125624, 19.6 mm SL. Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Alcinópolis, Rio Taquarizinho. (A) Lateral view of body; (B) Dorsal view of head; (C) ventral view of head.
Figure 34
Paracanthopoma saci, holotype, MZUSP 125624, CT scan images of head skeleton, (A) Lateral; (B) Dorsal; (C) Ventral. Specimen poorly calcified, some structures not properly shown.
Figure 35
Paracanthopoma saci, paratypes, MZUSP 125626, specimens with filamentous pectoral fins, 14.5 and 15.0 mm SL (see text, Remarks on the species).
Figure 36
Paracanthopoma satanica, holotype, ANSP 178231, 25.4 mm SL. Peru, Dept. Loreto, Maynas, Caño Sabalito. (A) Lateral view of body; (B) Dorsal view of head; (C) ventral view of head.
Figure 37
Paracanthopoma satanica, paratype, ANSP 178231, SEM images of head. (A) Dorsal; (B) Ventral. Scale bar = 500 μm.
Figure 38
Paracanthopoma satanica, holotype, ANSP 178231, CT scan images of head skeleton, (A) Lateral; (B) Dorsal; (C) Ventral. Specimen poorly calcified, some structures not properly shown.
Figure 39
Paracanthopoma truculenta, holotype, MZUSP 30399, 39.7 mm SL. Brazil, Rondônia, Rio Madeira, Calama. (A) Lateral view of body; (B) Dorsal view of head; (C) ventral view of head.
Figure 40
Paracanthopoma truculenta, paratype, MZUSP 30404, SEM images of head. (A) Lateral; (B) Dorsal; (C) Ventral. Scale bar = 500 μm.
Figure 41
Paracanthopoma truculenta, holotype, MZUSP_30399, CT scan images of head skeleton, (A) Lateral; (B) Dorsal; (C) Ventral.
Figure 42
Paracanthopoma vampyra, n. sp., holotype, MZUSP 86953, 14.6 mm SL. Brazil, Amazonas, Rio Preto da Eva, Igarapé Sucuriju. (A) Lateral view of body; (B) Dorsal view of head; (C) ventral view of head.
Figure 43
Paracanthopoma vampyra, holotype, MZUSP 86953, CT scan images of head skeleton, (A) Lateral; (B) Dorsal; (C) Ventral.
Figure 44
Paracanthopoma vampyra, INPA 31551, intraspecific variation in pigmentation pattern.
Figure 45
Map of northern South America showing geographical distribution of Paracanthopoma saci (square); Pc. satanica (5-tip star); Pc. truculenta (dot); and Pc. vampyra (10-tip star). Open symbols represent type localities. Some symbols may represent more than a single locality or lot of specimens.
Figure 46
Paravandellia phaneronema, MCZ 35874, CT scan images of head and anterior portion of body, (A) Lateral; (B) Dorsal; (C) Ventral.
Figure 47
Paravandellia phaneronema, ICN 16131, cleared and stained specimens, head, pectoral fins, and anterior part of body, ventral views. (A) Male; (B) Female.
Table 1
Morphometric data of Paracanthopoma ahriman. Ranges, mean and SD include holotype. Head subunits were obtained with an ocular micrometer and therefore as projections. Abbreviations: min = minimum value; max = maximum value; n = number of specimens; SD = standard deviation.
Table 2
Morphometric data of Paracanthopoma alleynei. Head subunits were obtained with an ocular micrometer and therefore as projections. Abbreviations: min = minimum value; max = maximum value; n = number of specimens; SD = standard deviation.
Table 3
Morphometric data of Paracanthopoma cangussu. Head subunits were obtained with an ocular micrometer and therefore as projections. Abbreviations: min = minimum value; max = maximum value; n = number of specimens; SD = standard deviation.
Table 4
Morphometric data of Paracanthopoma capeta. Ranges, mean and SD include holotype. Head subunits were obtained with an ocular micrometer and therefore as projections. Abbreviations: min = minimum value; max = maximum value; n = number of specimens; SD = standard deviation.
Table 5
Morphometric data of Paracanthopoma carrapata. Ranges, mean and SD include holotype. Abbreviations: min = minimum value; max = maximum value; n = number of specimens; SD = standard deviation.
Table 6
Morphometric data of Paracanthopoma daemon. Ranges, mean and SD include holotype. Head subunits were obtained with an ocular micrometer and therefore as projections. Abbreviations: min = minimum value; max = maximum value; n = number of specimens; SD = standard deviation.
Table 7
Morphometric data of Paracanthopoma irritans. Ranges, mean and SD include holotype. Head subunits were obtained with an ocular micrometer and therefore as projections. Abbreviations: min = minimum value; max = maximum value; n = number of specimens; SD = standard deviation.
Table 8
Morphometric data of Paracanthopoma malevola. Ranges, mean and SD include holotype. Head subunits were obtained with an ocular micrometer and therefore as projections. Abbreviations: min = minimum value; max = maximum value; n = number of specimens; SD = standard deviation.
Table 9
Morphometric data of Paracanthopoma parva. Ranges, mean and SD include types. Head subunits were obtained with an ocular micrometer and therefore as projections. Abbreviations: hol = holotype; par = paratype; min = minimum value; max = maximum value; n = number of specimens; SD = standard deviation.
Table 10
Morphometric data of Paracanthopoma saci. Ranges, mean and SD include holotype. Head subunits were obtained with an ocular micrometer and therefore as projections. Abbreviations: min = minimum value; max = maximum value; n = number of specimens; SD = standard deviation.
Table 11
Morphometric data of Paracanthopoma satanica. Ranges, mean and SD include holotype. Head subunits were obtained with an ocular micrometer and therefore as projections. Abbreviations: min = minimum value; max = maximum value; n = number of specimens; SD = standard deviation.
Table 12
Morphometric data of Paracanthopoma truculenta. Ranges, mean and SD include holotype. Abbreviations: min = minimum value; max = maximum value; n = number of specimens; SD = standard deviation.
Table 13
Morphometric data of Paracanthopoma vampyra. Ranges, mean and SD include holotype. Head subunits were obtained with an ocular micrometer and therefore as projections. Abbreviations: min = minimum value; max = maximum value; n = number of specimens; SD = standard deviation.