Odonata (Insecta) community in the Environmental Protection Area of the Machado River hydrographic basin, southern Minas Gerais State, Brazil

Abstract

Only 8% of the approximately 120 conservation units in Minas Gerais State collect information on the order Odonata, which motivated this study. We aimed to survey communities of this insect group in the Environmental Protection Area of the Machado River hydrographic basin, southern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. For this purpose, 12 areas were sampled by active searching from September 2018 to March 2019. Representatives of 71 Odonata species belonging to 8 families were collected. Seven species were found exclusively in this conservation unit, and two species were newly recorded for the state, namely Erythrodiplax chromoptera (Borror, 1942) and Micrathyria venezuelae De Marmels, 1989. This study surveyed the fifth richest odonatofauna in Minas Gerais State, underscoring the importance of the studied area for conservation of Odonata communities and necessitating actions for decreasing environmental impacts on this biological patrimony.

Keywords.
Inventory; Diversity; Dragonflies; Damselflies; Conservation unit.

INTRODUCTION

Odonata comprises insects commonly known in Brazil as libélulas, jacintas, lava-bunda, lavadeiras, and cavalos-de-judeu (Costa et al., 2012; Brasil & Vilela, 2019). This order encompasses two suborders: Zygoptera, with 11 families recorded in Brazil (Amphipterygidae, Calopterygidae, Coenagrionidae, Dicteriadidae, Heteragrionidae, Lestidae, Megapodagrionidae, Perilestidae, Polythoridae, Protoneuridae, and Pseudostigmatidae), and Anisoptera, with four families occurring in the country (Aeshnidae, Corduliidae, Gomphidae, and Libellulidae) (Bybee et al., 2021).

This order of hemimetabolous insects, whose life cycle consists of egg, larval, and adult stages, serve as bioindicators of associated freshwater and terrestrial environments, given the aquatic habit of their larvae and the flying habit of adults (Corbet, 1999; Júnior et al., 2015; Valente-Neto et al., 2016). Thus, Odonata can be used as a model taxon for understanding the effects of forest fragmentation (Sigutova et al., 2019), in addition to being an important component of aquatic trophic chains, both as predators and preys (Souza et al., 2018).

There are about 900 Odonata species recorded in Brazil (Pinto & De Araujo, 2020), with Minas Gerais State having 324 species (Vilela, 2021). Checklist studies have been conducted in several locations and phytophysiognomies of the state (Table 1), including Poços de Caldas (Santos, 1966); Viçosa and Marliéria, in the Rio Doce State Park (Ferreira-Peruquetti & De Marco-Jr., 2002); Baú Forest, in Barroso (Souza et al., 2013); Serra do Cipó National Park (Almeida et al., 2013); Dragonflies Wildlife Refuge (Bedê et al., 2015); Itorotó Hunting and Fishing Club Ecological Reserve, in Uberlândia (Vilela et al., 2016); Serra do Papagaio State Park (Dos Anjos, 2017); Rio Pandeiros Wildlife Refuge (Souza et al., 2017); Bueno Brandão (Amorim et al., 2018); a stretch of the Uberabinha River in Uberlândia (Barbosa et al., 2018); Fazenda Nova Monte Carmelo, in the municipalities of Araguari, Estrela do Sul, Indianápolis, Nova Ponte, and Romaria (Borges et al., 2019); different localities of the western Cerrado biome (Vilela et al., 2020); Ibitipoca State Park (Dos Anjos et al., 2020); Inconfidentes, Ouro Fino, and Tocos do Moji (Silva & Souza, 2020); Cachoeira das Andorinhas Protected Area, in Ouro Preto (De Ávila Junior et al., 2020); Fernão Dias Environmental Protected Area (Stefani-Santos et al., 2021); and several localities on the outskirts of Uberlândia (Venâncio et al., 2021).

Table 1
Odonata checklist studies conducted in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, detailing phytophysiognomies, biomes (* Atlantic Forest, ♦ Cerrado, and ¶ Caatinga), whether the survey was carried out in a Conservation Unit (CU), and the number of collected species.

Reference	Phytophysiognomy and biome	Carried out in CU	Number of species
Santos (1966)	Montane Semideciduous Seasonal Forest*	No	59
Ferreira-Peruquetti & De Marco-Jr. (2002)	Ombrophilous and Semideciduous Seasonal Forest*	Yes	28
Souza et al. (2013)	Montane Semideciduous Seasonal Forest*♦	No	57
Almeida et al. (2013)	Cerrado♦	Yes	23
Bedê et al. (2015)	Montane Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Cerrado and Rupestrian F1ields*♦	Yes	128
Vilela et al. (2016)	Cerrado ♦	Yes	31
Dos Anjos (2017)	Mixed Forest and Altitude Fields*	Yes	68
Souza et al. (2017)	Deciduous Seasonal Forest (dry forest) *¶	Yes	48
Amorim et al. (2018)	Montane Semideciduous Seasonal Forest *	No	73
Barbosa et al. (2018)	Cerrado ♦	No	42
Borges et al. (2019)	Cerrado ♦	No	36
Vilela et al. (2020)	Cerrado ♦	No	90
Dos Anjos et al. (2020)	Rupestrian Fields♦*	Yes	20
Silva & Souza (2020)	Montane Semideciduous Seasonal Sorest *	No	71
De Ávila-Júnior et al. (2020)	Semideciduous Seasonal Forest*	Yes	40
Stefani-Santos et al. (2021)	Mixed Forest and Semideciduous Seasonal Forest*	Yes	39
Venâncio et al. (2021)	Cerrado ♦	Yes	101

Most of these studies were carried out within conservation units (Table 1), which are legally delimited areas demarcated by public authorities for biodiversity protection and conservation purposes, as well as natural attractions (IEF, 2019). Such areas may be classified as Integral Protection Units, where exploring or disturbing natural resources is prohibited, except for their management; or as Sustainable Use Units, which can be used for sustainable extraction of renewable resources (IEF, 2019).

In Minas Gerais State, there are approximately 120 conservation units extending over Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Caatinga biomes (ISA, 2021). However, only 8% of these units (Table 1) have information on their odonatofauna, which justifies the need for studies in such areas. From this perspective, this study aims to create an inventory of the odonatofauna in the Environmental Protection Area of the Machado River hydrographic basin (EPA-MRHB), southern Minas Gerais State.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This study was carried out in the EPA-MRHB (Fig. 1). EPA-MRHB was created in May 1999 with the aim of preserving the hydric resources and biodiversity of the region in a context of intense agricultural activity. Extending over more than 200 km², it covers the municipalities of Alfenas, Campestre, Carvalhópolis, Congonhal, Espírito Santo do Dourado, Fama, Ipuiuna, Machado, Paraguaçu, Poço Fundo, and São João da Mata (Brasil, 1999). The phytophysiognomy of EPA-MRHB is predominantly montane semideciduous seasonal forest within the Atlantic Forest Domain, in addition to Cerrado enclaves and marshes associated with riparian forest and altitude fields (ISA, 2021).

Figure 1
Location maps of the Environmental Protection Area of the Machado River hydrographic basin and sampling points. Source: Jean Victor Nery da Silva.

The sampling period was from September 2018 (spring) to March 2019 (summer), with 7 field campaigns and 2 consecutive collection days per month, between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., totaling 98 sampling hours distributed over 14 days. The campaigns were carried out over 12 predefined areas in the municipalities of Fama (21°24′21″S; 45°49′43″W), Machado (21°40′29″S; 45°55′11″W), and Poço Fundo (21°24′23″S; 45°49′43″W) (Fig. 1), ranging from terrestrial to aquatic environments, including lentic and lotic ecosystems (Fig. 2), covering the largest area possible while taking into account logistics and accessibility aspects, in order to obtain a representative species checklist.

Figure 2
(A) Semideciduous and (B) riparian forests associated with (C) lotic and (D) lentic environments in the Environmental Protection Area of the Machado River hydrographic basin, southern Minas Gerais State.

Only full-grown individuals were sampled. Specimens were collected by an active method using entomological nets (Cezário et al., 2020). Collected specimens were stored in individual envelopes for approximately 4 h to ensure that the digestive tract of insects was empty. Then, individuals were sacrificed by submersion in pure acetone for 12 to 16 h. This incubation procedure allows acetone to dissolve body fat, helping preserve specimen colors (Carneiro et al., 2016). Subsequently, envelopes were identified with the place and date of collection and the collector’s name. The material was photographed for record and sent to Prof. Dr. Ângelo Parisse Pinto at the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR, Brazilian Portuguese acronym) for identification. Specimens were deposited in the university collection under licenses IBAMA/SISBIO (63914-1) and State Institute of Forests (IEF) (062/2018).

RESULTS

We collected 354 individuals, classified into 71 species (39 Zygoptera and 32 Anisoptera), 8 families, and 30 genera (Table 2, Fig. 3). The family with the highest richness was Libellulidae (28 species), followed by Coenagrionidae (27 species). The latter family had the most abundant species, namely Ischnura capreolus (Hagen, 1861), with 20 individuals, followed by Acanthagrion gracile (Rambur, 1842) and Oxyagrion terminale Selys 1876, both with 17 individuals each.

Table 2
Families, abundance, number of individuals per sex, and classification according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2021) of Odonata individuals sampled in the Environmental Protection Area of the Machado River hydrographic basin, southern Minas Gerais State, Brazil (LC, least concern; DD, data deficient; 0, not registered in the platform; -, species identified at the genus level).

Suborder/Family/Species	Number of Individuals	♀	♂	IUCN
Anisoptera
Aeshnidae
Castoraeschna colorata (Martin, 1908)	2	0	2	LC
Remartinia luteipennis (Burmeister, 1839)	2	0	2	LC
Rhionaeschna bonariensis (Rambur, 1842)	3	1	2	LC
Corduliidae
Navicordulia kiautai Machado & Costa, 1995	1	0	1	DD
Libellulidae
Dasythemis mincki mincki (Karsch, 1889)	11	3	8	LC
Elasmothemis constricta (Calvert, 1898)	6	0	6	LC
Erythrodiplax castanea (Burmeister, 1839)	2	0	2	LC
Erythrodiplax fusca (Rambur, 1842)	15	9	6	LC
Erythrodiplax chromoptera Borror, 1942	1	0	1	LC
Erythrodiplax juliana Ris, 1911	5	0	5	LC
Erythrodiplax latimaculata Ris, 1911	1	0	1	LC
Erythrodiplax media Borror, 1942	9	5	4	LC
Erythrodiplax melanorubra Borror, 1942	8	1	7	LC
Erythrodiplax ochracea (Burmeister, 1839)	4	4	0	LC
Erythrodiplax pallida (Needham, 1904)	1	0	1	LC
Erythrodiplax paraguayensis (Förster, 1905)	4	4	0	LC
Erythrodiplax umbrata (Linnaeus, 1758)	3	3	0	LC
Erythrodiplax sp.	10	7	3	—
Macrothemis imitans imitans Karsch, 1890	2	0	2	LC
Macrothemis tenuis Hagen, 1868	1	1	0	LC
Miathyria marcella (Selys in Sagra, 1857)	13	7	6	LC
Micrathyria hypodidyma Calvert, 1906	2	0	2	LC
Micrathyria hesperis Ris, 1911	2	1	1	LC
Micrathyria laevigata Calvert, 1909	3	0	3	LC
Micrathyria sp.	1	1	0	—
Micrathyria stawiarskii Santos, 1953	9	0	9	LC
Micrathyria venezuelae De Marmels, 1989	8	2	6	LC
Nephepeltia berlai Santos, 1950	1	0	1	LC
Orthemis discolor (Burmeister, 1839)	2	1	2	LC
Perithemis tenera (Say, 1839)	3	0	3	LC
Tholymis citrina Hagen, 1867	2	1	1	LC
Tramea cophysa Hagen, 1867	2	2	0	LC
Zygoptera
Calopterygidae
Hetaerina longipes Hagen in Selys, 1853	7	2	3	LC
Hetaerina rosea Selys, 1853	14	4	10	LC
Hetaerina sp.	1	1	0	—
Coenagrionidae
Argia lilacina Selys, 1865	4	0	4	LC
Argia modesta Selys, 1865	6	1	5	LC
Argia mollis Selys, 1865	2	0	2	LC
Argia reclusa Selys, 1865	1	0	1	LC
Argia sordida Selys, 1865	3	0	1	LC
Argia sp.	7	6	1	—
Acanthagrion aepiolum Tennessen, 2004	4	1	3	LC
Acanthagrion gracile (Rambur, 1842)	17	0	17	LC
Acanthagrion lancea Selys, 1876	5	1	4	LC
Acanthagrion truncatum Selys, 1876	14	2	12	LC
Forcepsioneura machadorum Vilela, Venâncio & Santos, 2020	7	0	7	0
Homeoura chelifera (Selys, 1876)	11	4	7	LC
Homeoura lindneri (Ris, 1928)	6	2	4	LC
Homeoura sp.	1	1	0	—
Ischnura capreolus (Hagen, 1861)	20	12	8	LC
Ischnura fluviatilis (Hagen, 1861)	4	1	3	LC
Neoneura sylvatica Hagen in Selys, 1886	3	0	3	LC
Oxyagrion hempeli Calvert, 1909	3	2	1	LC
Oxyagrion machadoi Costa, 1978	1	0	1	DD
Oxyagrion microstigma Selys, 1876	1	0	1	LC
Oxyagrion santosi Martins, 1967	1	1	0	LC
Oxyagrion simile Costa, 1978	9	2	7	LC
Oxyagrion terminale Selys, 1876	17	1	15	LC
Telebasis carmesina Selys, 1876	3	2	1	LC
Telebasis erythrina (Selys, 1876)	1	0	1	LC
Telebasis willinki Fraser, 1948	5	1	4	LC
Tigriagrion aurantinigrum Calvert, 1909	3	1	2	LC
Heteragrionidae
Heteragrion cauei De Ávila-Júnior, Lencioni & Carneiro, 2017	2	0	1	VU
Heteragrion rogertaylori Lencioni, 2013	3	1	2	DD
Heteragrion sp. A	3	1	2	—
Heteragrion sp. B	6	4	3	—
Lestidae
Archilestes exoletus (Hagen in Selys, 1862)	10	1	9	LC
Lestes minutus Selys, 1862	1	0	1	LC
Lestes paulistus Calvert, 1909	2	1	1	LC
Lestes pictus Hagen in Selys, 1862	1	0	1	LC
Megapodagrionidae
Allopodagrion contortum (Hagen in Selys, 1862)	6	3	3	LC

Figure 3
Odonata species sampled in the Environmental Protection Area of the Machado River hydrographic basin: (A) Erythrodiplax media Borror, 1942; (B) Erythrodiplax paraguayensis (Förster, 1905); (C) Tholymis citrina Hagen, 1867; (D) Miathyria marcella (Selys in Sagra, 1857); (E) Hetaerina longipes Hagen in Selys, 1853; (F) Homeoura lindneri (Ris, 1928); (G) Telebasis willinki Fraser, 1948; and (H) Argia mollis Hagen in Selys, 1865.

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species (2021), of the 71 sampled species, 59 (83%) are classified as least concern, 4 (6%) as data deficient or not included in the list, and 1 (1%) as vulnerable (Table 2). Seven individuals were classified only at the genus level.

In terms of number of species, this study presents the fifth richest odonatofauna in Minas Gerais State (Table 1) and includes two new records in the state, namely Erythrodiplax chromoptera (Borror, 1942) and Micrathyria venezuelae De Marmels, 1989.

Comparison with studies carried out in Conservation Units in Minas Gerais revealed seven species occurring exclusively in EPA-MRHB: Rhionaeschna bonariensis (Rambur, 1842), Navicordulia kiautai Machado & Costa, 1995, Forcepsioneura machadorum Vilela, Venâncio & Santos, 2020, Micrathyria laevigata Calvert, 1909, Tholymis citrina Hagen, 1867, Oxyagrion hempeli Calvert, 1909, and Oxyagrion machadoi Costa, 1978.

DISCUSSION

Because of their large body size and thermoregulation ability, Libellulidae individuals have high dispersion potential compared with other Anisoptera (Dalzochio et al., 2011), contributing to their wide geographic distribution. In addition to having one of the highest richness within the order (Costa et al., 2012), this family includes many species that are tolerant to anthropized areas, which may explain the results of the current study. Within the suborder Zygoptera, Coenagrionidae has the highest number of species in the country (Lencioni, 2006). The family comprises species tolerant to anthropized areas (Boti et al., 2007) and that inhabit different lentic and lotic environments, including phytotelmata, explaining its richness. The majority of inventories carried out in Minas Gerais State are similar to that of the present study, with the exception of inventories reported by Almeida et al. (2013), whose results were likely influenced by the use of Malaise traps for sampling, and Dos Anjos et al. (2020), who sampled individuals exclusively in lotic environments of rupestrian fields, differing from other studies (Table 1).

The species I. capreolus, A. gracile, and O. terminale have wide distribution in Minas Gerais, occurring in different phytophysiognomies of the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes (Dos Anjos, 2017) and being commonly found in lentic environments (Nobre & Carvalho, 2014; Vilela et al., 2016). Such environments are frequent in EPA-MRHB, explaining the abundance of these species in the present study.

Regarding the distribution of the two species that were recorded for the first time in Minas Gerais, E. chromoptera is known to occur in Paraná State (Borak, 2016) and Rio Grande do Sul State (Kittel & Engels, 2016) and M. venezuelae in Amazonas State (Koroiva et al., 2020) and Paraná State (Araujo & Pinto, 2021).

The fact that 6% of the species were either registered as data deficient or not found in the IUCN database underscores the importance of carrying out inventories, which may provide more information on geographic distribution for a better understanding of the endangerment status of these Odonata species. Heteragrion cauei was collected in a lotic environment of a dense forest, municipality of Poço Fundo, and classified as vulnerable. Until now, the species had been recorded once, in 2017 in the type location, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais State (De Ávila-Júnior et al., 2017).

EPA-MRHB is home to the fifth richest odonatofauna community in Minas Gerais; this fact, added to the two new records and the occurrence of H. cauei, attests to the importance of the area, especially the Poço Fundo municipality, where there are many forest fragments and less impacted riparian vegetation (Dos Santos, 2019). However, the region is also subject to unplanned ecotourism activities and other threats, such as deforestation, fires, silvopasture, use of pesticides, and siltation of the Machado River. Therefore, actions to minimize these environmental impacts are urgently needed.

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

EPA-MRHB, particularly the Poço Fundo municipality, hosts a rich odonatofauna community in Minas Gerais, including species recorded for the first time in the state.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are thankful to the Minas Gerais State Institute of Forests (IEF-MG), Machado, for providing logistic support and licenses for sampling in EPA-MRHB. We also thank the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Southern Minas Gerais (IFSULDEMINAS), Inconfidentes and Machado campi, for support and research funding. We are grateful to the interns of the Zoology laboratory, Amanda, Ester, Lauana, Lucas, Maria Luiza, Nathália, Paola, and Taiguara, for their support in the field. We thank Gabriel Teófilo Guedes and Jean Victor Nery da Silva for their contributions to the study, Dr. Ângelo Parise Pinto (UFPR) for identification of specimens, board members for their time and consideration of the present study, and my advising professor for the assistance and contribution to professional growth provided throughout this work.

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• FUNDING INFORMATION:

  This project did not receive any external financial support.
• Published with the financial support of the "Programa de Apoio às Publicações Cientícas Periódicas da USP"

Edited by

Edited by: Carlos José Einicker Lamas

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  09 Dec 2022
• Date of issue
  2022

History

• Received
  24 Oct 2021
• Accepted
  25 May 2022
• Published
  01 Nov 2022