Method |
Pollutant |
Condition |
Better removal results (%) |
Reference |
Pb/Fe nanoparticles stabilized in carboxymethylcellulose and electrokinetics |
Pentachlorophenol |
Anolyte and catholyte: 0.025 M Na2SO4 and 0.025 Na2CO3, pH 8.0; Center: nano-CMC stabilized Pb/Fe, pH 5-6; 14 days |
70% |
Yuan et al. (2012Yuan S, Long H, Xie W, Liao P, Tong M. Electrokinetic transport of CMC-stabilized Pd/Fe nanoparticles for the remediation of PCP-contaminated soil. Geoderma. 2012;185-186:18-25.) |
Electrokinetics-Fenton and hydrogen peroxide |
Pyrimethanil |
H2O2 (10% w/v), 0.1M NaSO4, 3 V/cm, 27 days, 0.2M citric acid to maintain the pH at 5.0 |
59% |
Bocos et al. (2015Bocos E et al. Removal of PAHs and pesticides from polluted soils by enhanced electrokinetic-Fenton treatment. Chemosphere, 2015;125:168-74.) |
Electrokinetics and bamboo activated carbon |
2,4-dichlorophenol |
10.5 days; inversion of polarity at 24 h intervals; electrodes: 0.01M KNO3; 1.0 V/cm |
76% |
Ma et al. (2010Ma JW, Wang FY, Huang ZH, Wang H. Simultaneous removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol and Cd from soils by electrokinetic remediation combined with activated bamboo charcoal. J Hazard Mater. 2010;176(1-3):715-20.) |
Nanoscale of zero valence iron (nZVI) |
DDT |
Use of two types of Fe (type B, produced using borohydride precipitation, and type T, produced by reduction of the gaseous phase of iron oxides into H2) |
Soil paste - nZVIB (22.4%); nZVIT (9.2%)/ Soil column - nZVIB (25.4%)/ nZVIT (not significant) |
ElTemsah, et al. (2016) |
Hytrel polymer adsorption and polymer regeneration solvent extraction (methanol) |
4-chlorophenol (4CP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) |
5% w/w Hytrel polymer (polymer/soil ratio), 25 oC and 24 hours. 4CP with 500 rpm PCP with 320 rpm |
97% (4CP) and 80% (PCP) |
Angelucci and Tomei (2015Angelucci DM, Tomei MC. Regeneration strategies of polymers employed in ex-situ remediation of contaminated soil: Bioregeneration versus solvent extraction. J Environ Manag. 2015;159:169-77.) |
Non-thermal pulsed discharge plasma and TiO2 photocatalysis |
p-nitrophenol |
Pulse frequency of 100 Hz; capacitance of 200 pF; energy input of 0.023 J; impulse voltage of 20 kV; 10% moisture; air injection of 0.5 L min-1; 2% TiO2 by weight of soil; 10 min reaction |
88.8% |
Wang et al. (2011Wang TC, Lu N, Li J, Wu Y. Plasma-TiO2 catalytic method for high-efficiency remediation of p-nitrophenol contaminated soil in pulsed discharge. Environ Sci Technol. 2011;45(21):9301-7. ) |
Electrokinetics-nZVI |
Molinate |
|
97.5% |
Gomes et al. (2014Gomes HI, Fan G, Mateus EP, Dias-Ferreira C, Ribeiro AB. Assessment of combined electro-nanoremediation of molinate contaminated soil. Sci Total Environ. 2014;493:178-84.) |
Photocatalysis - biological treatment |
Chlorothalonil |
pH 7.0; 30 oC; CDS-8 bacteria (Pseudomonas sp.); disturbed soil; 20 mg kg-1 TiO2
|
97.55% |
Wu et al. (2016Wu M, Deng J, Li J, Li Y, Li J, Xu H. Simultaneous biological-photocatalytic treatment with strain CDS-8 and TiO2 for chlorothalonil removal from liquid and soil. J Hazard Mater. 2016;320:612-9.) |
Soil washing with tetrapolyphosphate and zero valence iron ZVI/Air |
Pentachlorophenol |
2 mmol/L tetrapolyphosphate and 48 h; pH 11; 5 g/L ZVI, air flow at a rate of 1.5 L min-1; 25 oC; 180 min |
85.1% |
Cao et al. (2015Cao M, Wang L, Ai Z, Zhang L Efficient remediation of pentachlorophenol contaminated soil with tetrapolyphosphate washing and subsequent ZVI/Air treatment. J Hazard Mater. 2015;292:27-33.) |
Soil washing with co-doped La-B and photocatalysis with TiO2 nanoparticles |
Hydrophobic pentachlorophenol |
|
|
Li et al. (2011) |