Analytical approaches to fiber-reinforced polymer composites: a short review

Takematsu, Marcia Murakoshi; Dutra, Rita de Cássia Lazzarini

doi:10.1590/0104-1428.20230050

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REVIEW ARTICLE • Polímeros 33 (3) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.20230050 copy

Analytical approaches to fiber-reinforced polymer composites: a short review

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Abstract

A variety of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) has been described in literature, with a considerable subset of studies focused on fiber surface treatment (sizing), performance enhancement of matrix and fibers both synthetic and natural, and development of more ecologically sustainable composites. The present review discusses the different types of fibers and matrices and their applications, depending on the chemical and mechanical properties of their composites. In order to evaluate the performance of FRP composites and explore the characteristics of the involved materials, some analytical techniques are considered paramount, such as thermal analysis, microscopy, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and others. On this basis, this review addresses the state-of-the-art of material characterization methodologies, provides a comprehensive overview of different types of FRP found in literature, as well as links the analytical techniques with the main applications contributing to future studies and research in this area.

Keywords:
analytical techniques; composite; fiber; polymer

Technique	Applications	Ref.
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Construction & Building Materials, 204, 193-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.... 67 Yu, Z., Assif, J., Magoon, G., Kebabian, P., Brown, W., Rundgren, W., Peck, J., Miake-Lye, R., Liscinsky, D., & True, B. (2017). Differential photoacoustic spectroscopic (DPAS)-based technique for PM optical absorption measurements in the presence of light absorbing gaseous species. Aerosol Science and Technology, 51(12), 1438-1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2017.1363866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2017.... 68 Badawi, A., Al-Gurashi, W. O., Al-Baradi, A. M., & Abdel-Wahab, F. (2020). Photoacoustic spectroscopy as a non-destructive technique for optical properties measurements of nanostructures. Optik (Stuttgart), 201, 163386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.163389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.1... 69 Takematsu, M. M., Diniz, M. F., Mattos, E. C., & Dutra, R. C. L. (2018). Sheath-core bicomponent fiber characterization by FT-IR and other analytical methodologies. Polimeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 28(4), 339-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.09016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.0901... 70 Senophiyah-Mary, J., & Loganath, R. (2020). A novel method of utilizing waste Printed Circuit Board for the preparation of Fibre Reinforced Polymer. Journal of Cleaner Production, 246, 119063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019... 71 Ji, C., Wang, B., Hu, J., Zhang, C., & Sun, Y. (2020). Effect of different preparation methods on mechanical behaviors of carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK-Titanium hybrid laminates. Polymer Testing, 85, 106462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesti... 72 Perret, B., Schartel, B., Stöß, K., Ciesielski, M., Diederichs, J., Döring, M., Krämer, J., & Altstädt, V. (2011). Novel DOPO-based flame retardants in high-performance carbon fibre epoxy composites for aviation. European Polymer Journal, 47(5), 1081-1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.02.008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.20... -⁷³73 Donadon, B. F., Mascia, N. T., Vilela, R., & Trautwein, L. M. (2020). Experimental investigation of glued-laminated timber beams with Vectran-FRP reinforcement. Engineering Structures, 202, 109818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.20... , ⁸²82 Xu, Y., Adekunle, K., Ramamoorthy, S. K., Skrifvars, M., & Hakkarainen, M. (2020). Methacrylated lignosulfonate as compatibilizer for flax fiber reinforced biocomposites with soybean-derived polyester matrix. Composites Communications, 22, 100536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2020.100536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2020.10... , ⁸⁴84 Balaji, A., Udhayasankar, R., Karthikeyan, B., Swaminathan, J., & Purushothaman, R. (2020). Mechanical and thermal characterization of bagasse fiber/coconut shell particle hybrid biocomposites reinforced with cardanol resin. Results in Chemistry, 2, 100056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2020.100056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2020.... , ⁹²92 Adole, O., Anguilano, L., Minton, T., Campbell, J., Sean, L., Valisios, S., & Tarverdi, K. (2020). Basalt fibre-reinforced high density polyethylene composite development using the twin screw extrusion process. Polymer Testing, 91, 106467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesti... , ⁹³93 Shelly, D., Nanda, T., & Mehta, R. (2021). Addition of compatibilized nanoclay and UHMWPE fibers to epoxy based GFRPs for improved mechanical properties. Composites. Part A, Applied Science and Manufacturing, 145, 106371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.... ]

Fiber phase	Matrix phase	Analysis	Ref.
Glass/Kevlar fibers	Epoxy resin	DSC, SEM, TGA	[⁹⁴94 Alagar, M., Kumar, A. A., Mahesh, K. P. O., & Dinakaran, K. (2000). Studies on thermal and morphological characteristics of E-glass/Kevlar 49 reinforced siliconized epoxy composites. European Polymer Journal, 36(11), 2449-2454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-3057(00)00038-0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-3057(00)... ]
Coconut fiber	PP	SEM	[⁹⁵95 Rozman, H. D., Tan, K. W., Kumar, R. N., Abubakar, A., Ishak, Z. A. M., & Ismail, H. (2000). Effect of lignin as a compatibilizer on the physical properties of coconut fiber-polypropylene composites. European Polymer Journal, 36(7), 1483-1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-3057(99)00200-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-3057(99)... ]
Short GF	PBT	DSC, SEM	[⁹⁶96 Ishak, Z. A. M., Ariffin, A., & Senawi, R. (2001). Effects of hygrothermal aging and a silane coupling agent on the tensile properties of injection molded short glass fiber reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate) composites. European Polymer Journal, 37(8), 1635-1647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-3057(01)00033-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-3057(01)... ]
GF	PP/EPDM	DSC, SEM, TGA, WAXD	[⁹⁷97 Wang, W., Tang, L., & Qu, B. (2003). Mechanical properties and morphological structures of short glass fiber reinforced PP/EPDM composite. European Polymer Journal, 39(11), 2129-2134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-3057(03)00157-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-3057(03)... ]
GF and CF	Epoxy resin	SEM, TGA	[⁵⁴54 Moon, C., Bang, B., Choi, W., Kang, G., & Park, S. (2005). A technique for determining fiber content in FRP by thermogravimetric analyzer. Polymer Testing, 24(3), 376-380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2004.10.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesti... ]
GF	Epoxy resin	AFM, SEM	[⁹⁸98 Olmos, D., & González-Benito, J. (2007). Visualization of the morphology at the interphase of glass fibre reinforced epoxy-thermoplastic polymer composites. European Polymer Journal, 43(4), 1487-1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.20... ]
Cellulose whisker	PVA	DMA, DSC, SEM	[⁹⁹99 Roohani, M., Habibi, Y., Belgacem, N. M., Ebrahim, G., Karimi, A. N., & Dufresne, A. (2008). Cellulose whiskers reinforced polyvinyl alcohol copolymers nanocomposites. European Polymer Journal, 44(8), 2489-2498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.05.024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.20... ]
PET fiber	Natural rubber	FT-IR, SEM/EDS	[⁶³63 Kondo, Y., Miyazaki, K., Takayanagi, K., & Sakurai, K. (2008). Surface treatment of PET fiber by EB-irradiation-induced graft polymerization and its effect on adhesion in natural rubber matrix. European Polymer Journal, 44(5), 1567-1576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.02.020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.20... ]
GF	Epoxy and polyester resin	SEM	[⁷7 Pihtili, H. (2009). An experimental investigation of wear of glass fibre-epoxy resin and glass fibre-polyester resin composite materials. European Polymer Journal, 45(1), 149-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.10.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.20... ]
Natural fibers	Polypropylene	FT-IR, SEM/EDS, TGA, UV-VIS	[³⁵35 Bledzki, A. K., Mamun, A. A., & Volk, J. (2010). Barley husk and coconut shell reinforced polypropylene composites: the effect of fibre physical, chemical and surface properties. Composites Science and Technology, 70(5), 840-846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.01.022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.... ]
CF	Epoxy resin	DMA, FT-IR, TGA	[⁷²72 Perret, B., Schartel, B., Stöß, K., Ciesielski, M., Diederichs, J., Döring, M., Krämer, J., & Altstädt, V. (2011). Novel DOPO-based flame retardants in high-performance carbon fibre epoxy composites for aviation. European Polymer Journal, 47(5), 1081-1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.02.008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.20... ]
Kenaf fiber	TPU	FT-IR, SEM	[⁴¹41 El-Shekeil, Y. A., Sapuan, S. M., Khalina, A., Zainudin, E. S., & Al-Shuja’a, O. M. (2012). Influence of chemical treatment on the tensile properties of kenaf fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composite. Express Polymer Letters, 6(12), 1032-1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2012.108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymle... ]
CF	Phenolic resin	FT-IR, LRS, SEM, XPS	[⁹9 Yuan, H., Wang, C., Zhang, S., & Lin, X. (2012). Effect of surface modification on carbon fiber and its reinforced phenolic matrix composite. Applied Surface Science, 259, 288-293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.07.034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.... ]
Natural fibers	Epoxy resin	FT-IR	[⁶⁵65 Ramachandran, M., Bansal, S., & Raichurkar, P. (2016). Experimental study of bamboo using banana and linen fibre reinforced polymeric composites. Perspectives in Science, 8, 313-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pisc.2016.04.063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pisc.2016.04... ]
GF	Epoxy resin	DSC, FT-IR, GPC, titration	[⁴⁹49 Ferdosian, F., Zhang, Y., Yuan, Z., Anderson, M., & Xu, C. (2016). Curing kinetics and mechanical properties of bio-based epoxy composites comprising lignin-based epoxy resins. European Polymer Journal, 82, 153-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.07.014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.20... ]
Nylon-6	UV curable polymer	SEM	[²⁹29 Spackman, C. C., Frank, C. R., Picha, K. C., & Samuel, J. (2016). 3D printing of fiber-reinforced soft composites: process study and material characterization. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 23, 296-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2016.04.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2016.... ]
BF, GF, and CF	Epoxy resin	FT-IR, SEM	[⁴³43 Wang, Z., Zhao, X.-L., Xian, G., Wu, G., Raman, R. K. S., & Al-Saadi, S. (2017). Durability study on interlaminar shear behaviour of basalt-, glass- and carbon-fibre reinforced polymer (B/G/CFRP) bars in seawater sea sand concrete environment. Construction & Building Materials, 156, 985-1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.... ]
Natural fibers	Epoxy resin	FT-IR	[⁶⁴64 Bansal, S., Ramachandran, M., & Raichurkar, P. (2017). Comparative analysis of bamboo using jute and coir fiber reinforced polymeric composites. Materials Today: Proceedings, 4(2), 3182-3187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.02.203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.0... ]
GF fabric	Polyampholyte gel, NaSS, and DMAEA-Q	SEM	[²⁸28 Huang, Y., King, D. R., Sun, T. L., Nonoyama, T., Kurokawa, T., Nakajima, T., & Gong, J. P. (2017). Energy-dissipative matrices enable synergistic toughening in fiber reinforced soft composites. Advanced Functional Materials, 27(9), 1605350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201605350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201605350... ]
Kevlar fibers and CF	Polybenzoxazine resins	FT-IR, SEM, TGA	[⁵⁵55 Ghouti, H. A., Zegaoui, A., Derradji, M., Cai, W.-A., Wang, J., Liu, W.-B., & Dayo, A. Q. (2018). Multifunctional hybrid composites with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties based on polybenzoxazine and chopped Kevlar/carbon hybrid fibers. Polymers, 10(12), 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10121308. PMid:30961233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10121308... ]
GF	PAAm	DMA, SEM	[⁴²42 Martin, N., & Youssef, G. (2018). Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials Dynamic properties of hydrogels and fi ber-reinforced hydrogels. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 85, 194-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.06.008. PMid:29908487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.0... ]
UHMWPE	RPU	CA, FT-IR, SEM	[¹⁰⁰100 Meng, L., Li, W., Ma, R., Huang, M., Wang, J., Luo, Y., Wang, J., & Xia, K. (2018). Long UHMWPE fibers reinforced rigid polyurethane composites: an investigation in mechanical properties. European Polymer Journal, 105, 55-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.05.021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.20... ]
Lignocellulose fiber	Ethylene-norbornene copolymer	AFM, DLS, DMA, DSC, FT-IR, TGA	[¹⁹19 Wolski, K., Cichosz, S., & Masek, A. (2019). Surface hydrophobisation of lignocellulosic waste for the preparation of biothermoelastoplastic composites. European Polymer Journal, 118, 481-491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.06.026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.20... ]
GF and flax fibers	Epoxy resin	DSC, FT-IR, SEM, TGA	[³⁶36 Mak, K., & Fam, A. (2019). Freeze-thaw cycling effect on tensile properties of unidirectional flax fiber reinforced polymers. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 174, 106960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.106960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.... ]
GF	Epoxy resin	DSC, FT-IR, SEM/EDS	[⁵¹51 Wang, S., & ElGawady, M. A. (2019). Effects of hybrid water Immersion, environmental exposures, and axial load on the mechanical properties of concrete filled epoxy-based glass fiber reinforced polymer tubes. Construction & Building Materials, 194, 311-321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.... ]
GF	PEN-BAPh	DSC, DRA, FT-IR, SEM, TGA, UV-VIS	[³¹31 Ren, D., Li, K., Chen, L., Chen, S., Han, M., Xu, M., & Liu, X. (2019). Modification on glass fiber surface and their improved properties of fiber-reinforced composites via enhanced interfacial properties. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 177, 107419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.... ]
MWCNT-coated BF	Epoxy resin	FT-IR, LRS, SEM, XPS	[³³33 Kim, M., Lee, T.-W., Park, S.-M., & Jeong, Y. G. (2019). Structures, electrical and mechanical properties of epoxy composites reinforced with MWCNT-coated basalt fibers. Composites. Part A, Applied Science and Manufacturing, 123, 123-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.05.011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.... ]
Wood fiber	HDPE and PLA	DMA, FT-IR, SEM, TGA	[⁶⁶66 Bajwa, D. S., Adhikari, S., Shojaeiarani, J., Bajwa, S. G., Pandey, P., & Shanmugam, S. R. (2019). Characterization of bio-carbon and ligno-cellulosic fiber reinforced bio-composites with compatibilizer. Construction & Building Materials, 204, 193-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.... ]
CF	ABS	FT-IR, SEM, TGA	[³⁴34 Lopes, B. J., & D’Almeida, J. R. M. (2019). Initial development and characterization of carbon fiber reinforced ABS for future Additive Manufacturing applications. Materials Today: Proceedings, 8(Part 3), 719-730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.02.013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.0... ]
CF	Epoxy resin	DMA, FT-IR, SEM	[⁴⁴44 Li, H., Zhang, K., Fan, X., Cheng, H., Xu, G., & Suo, H. (2019). Effect of seawater ageing with different temperatures and concentrations on static/dynamic mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 173, 106910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.106910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.... ]
Short CF	Cellulose; PA 6 and PP	DSC, SEM, TGA,XPS	[²⁵25 Szabó, L., Milotskyi, R., Fujie, T., Tsukegi, T., Wada, N., Ninomiya, K., & Takahashi, K. (2019). Short carbon fiber reinforced polymers: utilizing lignin to engineer potentially sustainable resource-based biocomposites. Frontiers in Chemistry, 7, 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.00757. PMid:31781540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.007... ]
Sugarcane fibers	PP	SEM	[¹⁰¹101 Anggono, J., Farkas, Á. E., Bartos, A., Móczó, J., Antoni, Purwaningsih, H., & Pukánszky, B. (2019). Deformation and failure of sugarcane bagasse reinforced PP. European Polymer Journal, 112, 153-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.12.033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.20... ]
CF	Epoxy resin	DSC, FT-IR, Rheology, TGA	[⁸⁹89 Mphahlele, K., Ray, S. S., & Kolesnikov, A. (2019). Cure kinetics, morphology development, and rheology of a high-performance carbon-fiber-reinforced epoxy composite. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 176, 107300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.... ]
CF	PEEK-Ti laminates	FT-IR, SEM, XPS	[⁷¹71 Ji, C., Wang, B., Hu, J., Zhang, C., & Sun, Y. (2020). Effect of different preparation methods on mechanical behaviors of carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK-Titanium hybrid laminates. Polymer Testing, 85, 106462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesti... ]
GF and flax fibers	Epoxy resin	DSC, FT-IR, SEM, TGA	[⁵⁶56 Mak, K., & Fam, A. (2020). The effect of wet-dry cycles on tensile properties of unidirectional flax fiber reinforced polymers. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 183, 107645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.... ]
Carbonaceus slag from thermoset	PVA	AFM, FT-IR, LRS, TGA	[⁷⁰70 Senophiyah-Mary, J., & Loganath, R. (2020). A novel method of utilizing waste Printed Circuit Board for the preparation of Fibre Reinforced Polymer. Journal of Cleaner Production, 246, 119063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019... ]
Natural fiber and GF	Vinyl Ester	DSC, TGA	[⁸⁸88 Revanth, J. S., Madhav, V. S., Sai, Y. K., Krishna, D. V., Srividya, K., & Sumanth, C. H. M. (2019). TGA and DSC analysis of vinyl ester reinforced by Vetiveria zizanioides, jute and glass fiber. Materials Today: Proceedings, 26(Part 2), 460-465. ]
Flax fiber	Polyester	¹H NMR, FT-IR, SEM/EDS	[⁸²82 Xu, Y., Adekunle, K., Ramamoorthy, S. K., Skrifvars, M., & Hakkarainen, M. (2020). Methacrylated lignosulfonate as compatibilizer for flax fiber reinforced biocomposites with soybean-derived polyester matrix. Composites Communications, 22, 100536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2020.100536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2020.10... ]
CF	PEEK	AFM, FT-IR, SEM/EDS, XPS, WCA	[⁸⁷87 Yu, W., Zhang, H., Lan, A., Yang, S., Zhang, J., Wang, H., Zhou, Z., Zhou, Y., Zhao, J., & Jiang, Z. (2020). Enhanced bioactivity and osteogenic property of carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone composites modified with amino groups. Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 193, 111098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111098. PMid:32498001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.202... ]
BF	HDPE	FT-IR, DSC, SEM/EDS, TGA	[⁹²92 Adole, O., Anguilano, L., Minton, T., Campbell, J., Sean, L., Valisios, S., & Tarverdi, K. (2020). Basalt fibre-reinforced high density polyethylene composite development using the twin screw extrusion process. Polymer Testing, 91, 106467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesti... ]
Bagasse fiber	Cardanol	FT-IR, SEM, TGA	[⁸⁴84 Balaji, A., Udhayasankar, R., Karthikeyan, B., Swaminathan, J., & Purushothaman, R. (2020). Mechanical and thermal characterization of bagasse fiber/coconut shell particle hybrid biocomposites reinforced with cardanol resin. Results in Chemistry, 2, 100056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2020.100056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2020.... ]
Recycled CF	PP and PP-MAH	DSC, SEM, TGA, XCT, XPS	[¹⁰²102 Fernández, A., Santangelo-Muro, M., Fernández-Blázquez, J. P., Lopes, C. S., & Molina-Aldareguia, J. M. (2021). Processing and properties of long recycled-carbon-fibre reinforced polypropylene. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 211, 108653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.... ]
CF	Epoxy resin	AFM, FT-IR, SEM/EDS	[⁵⁸58 Chua, C. Y. X., Liu, H.-C., Di Trani, N., Susnjar, A., Ho, J., Scorrano, G., Rhudy, J., Sizovs, A., Lolli, G., Hernandez, N., Nucci, M. C., Cicalo, R., Ferrari, M., & Grattoni, A. (2021). Carbon fiber reinforced polymers for implantable medical devices. Biomaterials, 271, 120719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120719. PMid:33652266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials... ]
Flax fiber / PLA woven	Epoxy resin	DMA, DSC, SEM, TGA	[⁸⁰80 Di Mauro, C., Genua, A., Rymarczyk, M., Dobbels, C., Malburet, S., Graillot, A., & Mija, A. (2021). Chemical and mechanical reprocessed resins and bio-composites based on five epoxidized vegetable oils thermosets reinforced with flax fibers or PLA woven. Composites Science and Technology, 205, 108678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2021.108678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.... ]
CF	Epoxy resin doped with graphene oxide	DLS, FT-IR, Raman, SEM	[¹⁰³103 Florek, P., Król, M., Jeleń, P., & Mozgawa, W. (2021). Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites doped with graphene oxide in light of spectroscopic studies. Materials (Basel), 14(8), 1835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14081835. PMid:33917218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14081835... ]
Jute fiber	Bio-based vanillin-derived epoxy	FT-IR, NMR, SEM, tensile test, TGA, WCA	[¹⁰⁴104 Kumar, B., Roy, S., Agumba, D. O., Pham, D. H., & Kim, J. (2022). Effect of bio-based derived epoxy resin on interfacial adhesion of cellulose film and applicability towards natural jute fiber-reinforced composites. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 222(Pt A), 1304-1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.237 PMid:36198365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.202... ]

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