Some mechanical properties of WPCs with wood flour and walnut shell flour

Bal, Bekir Cihad

doi:10.1590/0104-1428.20230005

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Polímeros 33 (2) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.20230005 copy

Some mechanical properties of WPCs with wood flour and walnut shell flour

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study used a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) polymer matrix, pine-wood flour (PWF) and walnut-shell flour (WSF) to produce wood-plastic composite (WPC) boards. The PWF and WSF filler amounts were adjusted to 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight. Some of the mechanical properties of the produced composite boards were comparatively investigated, such as the flexural strength, flexural modulus, deformation at break, tensile strength, tensile modulus, and elongation at break. Flexural tests and tensile tests were performed according to ASTM D790 and ASTM D638, respectively. According to the data obtained, the flexural strength, deformation at break, tensile strength, and elongation at break decreased as the filler content increased. In addition, the flexural modulus values of all the test groups increased with the filler content. However, the tensile modulus values of the test groups that used the WSF filler were smaller than those of the groups without filler.

Keywords:
HDPE; pine wood flour; walnut shell flour; WPC

Content	Groups
Content	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4	Group 5	Group 6	Group 7
HDPE	100	80	70	60	80	70	60
PWF	0	20	30	40	0	0	0
WSF	0	0	0	0	20	30	40

Groups	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	P value
x	950D	995C	1019B	1039A	997C	1020B	1044A^* * Highest value.	P<0.001
ss	3.64	7.06	9.11	11.87	19.67	13.34	20.29	P<0.001

Tests	Groups							P values
Tests	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	P values
Flexural strength (N/mm²)	39.4A^* * Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different with each other using Duncan multiple comparison test at α = 0.05.	29.8C	26.1D	25.9D	32.2B	25.1D	20.0E	P<0.001
Flexural strength (N/mm²)	0.83 ^ Standard deviation in italic form.	2.70	2.71	3.96	3.34	4.86	3.98	P<0.001
Flexural modulus (N/mm²)	1077F	1099EF	1175DE	1323B	1208CD	1271BC	1412A*	P<0.001
Flexural modulus (N/mm²)	100.1	41.0	88.2	187.9	85.5	120.2	87.2	P<0.001
Deformation at break (mm)	19.4A^* ***** Highest value.	13.9B	9.6C	6.9D	14.9B	9.4C	6.2D	P<0.001
Deformation at break (mm)	0.31	2.54	2.57	3.20	3.28	3.80	1.39	P<0.001

Test	Groups							P values
Test	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	P values
Tensile strength (N/mm²)	23.6A^* * Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different with each other using Duncan multiple comparison test at α = 0.05.	15.8B	13.3C	12.1D	15.0B	10.9E	9.7F	P<0.001
Tensile strength (N/mm²)	0.4 ^ Standard deviation in italic form.	1.5	1.7	1.7	1.3	1.0	1.7	P<0.001
Tensile modulus (N/mm²)	335BC	344AB	356AB	367A*	305C	311C	329BC	P<0.001
Tensile modulus (N/mm²)	38.3	12.0	24.4	22.7	18.2	27.5	85.5	P<0.001
Elongation at break (%)	25.6A^* ***** Highest value.	7.3B	5.9C	4.7C	8.4B	5.4C	4.5C	P<0.001
Elongation at break (%)	2.4	1.3	2.5	0.8	1.4	2.7	1.2	P<0.001

	Cellulose	Hemicellulose	lignin	ash
Walnut shell	25.6	22.1	52.3	2.8	Demirbaş[⁴⁶46 Demirbas, A. (2006). Effect of temperature on pyrolysis products from four nut shells. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 76(1-2), 285-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2005.12.012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2005.12... ]
	25.4	21.2	49.1	3.6	Rao[⁴¹41 Rao, D. K. (2015). Tensile, compressive and flexural behaviour with characterization of hybrid bio-composite reinforced with walnut shell particles and coconut fibres. In International Conference On Advanced And Agile Manufacturing Systems - ICAM-2015 (pp. 310-314). India: Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology.]
	26.51	21.27	49.18	2.13	Ayrılmış et al.[³⁰30 Ayrilmis, N., Kaymakci, A., & Ozdemir, F. (2013). Physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of polypropylene composites filled with walnut shell flour. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 19(3), 908-914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2012.11.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2012.11... ]
	Holocellulose	α Cellulose	lignin	ash
Black pine wood	73.5	50.2	25.4	-	Pekgözlü et al.[⁴²42 Pekgözlü, A. K., Gülsoy, S. K., & Ayçiçek, Y. (2017). Effect of stem height on the fiber morphology and chemical composition of European Black Pine (Pinus nigra Arnold.). Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry, 19(2), 74-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24011/barofd.342069. http://dx.doi.org/10.24011/barofd.342069... ]
	72.3	-	26.4	0.18	Kırcı and Ateş[⁴³43 Kırcı, H., & Ateş, S. (2002). Anadolu karaçamı (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) odunlarının asli hücre çeperi bileşenlerinin belirlenmesi ve kağıt hamuru üretimine uygunluğunun incelenmesi. In II Ulusal Karadeniz Ormancılık Kongresi (pp. 67-71). Türkiye: Karadeniz Technical University.]
	71.5	50.4	26.7	0.2	Kılıç et al.[⁴⁴44 Kılıç, A., Sarıusta, S. E., & Hafızoğlu, H. (2010). Chemical structure of compression wood of Pinus sylvestris, P. nigra and P. brutia. Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry, 12(18), 33-39. Retrieved in 2023, Jan 30, from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/300014 https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/art... ]

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