The use of a longitudinal and ethnographic research database: theoretical-methodological discussions

Penafiel, Kelly Jessie Queiroz; Gomes, Maria de Fátima Cardoso

doi:10.1590/1980-6248-2022-0002EN

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ARTICLES • Pro-Posições 35 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-6248-2022-0002EN copy

The use of a longitudinal and ethnographic research database: theoretical-methodological discussions ¹ 1 Responsible editor: Silvio Gallo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2221-5160 ² 2 References correction and bibliographic normalization services: Vera Lúcia Fator Gouvêa Bonilha verah.bonilha@gmail.com ³ 3 Funding: CNPq. ⁴ 4 English version: Viviane Ramos vivianeramos@gmail.com

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This article presents a theoretical and methodological discussion on a longitudinal and ethnographic research carried out from February 2017 to March 2020, based on the construction of a Database consisting of video recordings, field diary notes, and a collection of artifacts. Permanently available records enable the development of master's and doctoral studies, including during the Covid-19 pandemic. On the one hand, the emic stance, the historical-cultural view of the research subjects, and the collectively constructed ilogic of inquiry enabled the development of ethnography through the Database. On the other hand, there are limitations, which can be amended by researchers' solidary and collective work, when one of them participated very little in constructing such records.

Keywords
Database; Ethnography in Education; Cultural-Historical Theory

Year	PERCENTAGE OF OBSERVED DAYS
2017	42,5%
2018	35.7% (There was a teachers’ strike)
2019	45%

OBSERVATION SHEET
CLASS: Coruja [Owl] MAIN TEACHERS IN CLASS: Letícia, Ivana, Cristina, Lucíola, and Juliana⁶ 6 All names are pseudonyms. CHILDREN: Lúcia, Danilo, Valéria, Henrique, Larissa, and Simone OBSERVATION DATE: September 04, 2017 DAY OF THE WEEK: Monday (afternoon) *RESEARCHER: Isabela Dominici*
TIME	SUBJECTS/LOCAL	DESCRIPTION	KEYWORDS
2:36	Simone	Simone grabs a small pan and moves a spoon inside it, saying “food”
3PM		Children play in a sunny space (solarium)
3h13	Lúcia	Lúcia returns to the classroom and grabs a plastic book on the floor. She starts to handle it, babbling as if she were reading. She does that for almost 10 minutes.	Imitation – book
3:25	Simone, Danilo, and Lúcia	The books passes by Simone and Danilo’s hands, who quickly handle it.
3:30	Lúcia	Lúcia grabs the book again and continues to handle it until she is called for dinner.
3:40	Teacher Juliana, babies Valentina, and Henrique	Juliana organizes the children in the high chairs and places Henrique and Valentina on the little table for dinner.
3:55	Children	Finish dinner – Children are placed on the strollers to sleep.
5PM	End	Departure.
EVENT SELECTED: Lúcia, for a long time, handling the book and babbling, concentrated. The book is not a literary work and is commercially sold as a bath book. It is made out of plastic, like a buoy. However, Lúcia’s act initially portrays an imitation because she is a baby and cannot read, but it also shows her cultural appropriation of the reading act. PERSONAL NOTES: What does walk and speak mean to this class? METHODOLOGICAL/THEORETICAL NOTES:

Observation day (record in the collective field diary)	Video timestamp	Events (What happened? With whom? How? When? Under which conditions? What were the consequences?)	Personal comments and theoretical-methodological reflections
September 4, 2017	00:00:12 (1)	Teacher Letícia writes Danilo’s name on his socks.	Nursery teachers normally identify babies’ personal objects by writing their names.
	00:02:12 (1)	Teacher Letícia does the daily routine with the babies	It is the first time the routine is done with the babies. "Do a routine" for this group seems to be when the teacher tells the class what the daily activities will be. Normally, the teacher uses an illustrated flashcard in which babies have a snack, sleep, lunch, play, etc.
	00:00:03 (13)	Lúcia handles a plastic book and babbles while looking at the images.	Lúcia handles the plastic book for two minutes.

Lines	Record timestamp	Babies’ gestures, actions, and words	Teachers’, aids’ and researcher’s gestures, actions, and words
1	00:00:08	Lúcia finds the plastic book “Os sons dos animais” on the mat.
2	00:00:13	Lúcia babbles: Dah:::/ (moves the book from one side to another).
3	00:00:22	Lúcia opens and turns upside down, from one side to another, while babbling : AH:::(babbling while holding the book).
4	00:00:35	Lúcia’s twin, Danilo, crawls close to her, while the sister continues to handle the book: Ih:::/Ah:::(loud babbling holding the book close to her face).
5	00:00:43	Lúcia points using her index finger and says: Ei/didi/ah/. Danilo continues sitting behind Lúcia, observing her.
6	00:00:57	Danilo crawls to the middle of the mat where Valéria, Simone, and Larissa are. Lúcia opens and closes the book while babbling: Bu/bu/bu:::/	Teacher Juliana calls the babies: Let’s go/put the toys away?

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Responsible editor: Silvio Gallo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2221-5160

Thesis: LITERACIES AS HUMAN ACTIVITIES: AN INVESTIGATION ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF SENSES AND MEANINGS PhD candidate: Kelly Jessie Queiroz Penafiel Advisor: Maria de Fátima Cardoso Gomes Map of events, day: September 04, 2017 EMEI Tupi Class: Owl Class Year: 2017 Teachers: Letícia, Ivana, Cristina, Lucíola, and Juliana Children: Lúcia, Danilo, Valéria, Henrique, Larissa, and Simone Researchers: Virgínia and Isabela Time: 07h – 17h Total hours of filming: 3h32min15sec.
Events and sub-events observed on September 04, 2017
Start/ Finish and duration	Events	Start/ finish	Sub-events	Context
00:00:01 – 00:11:34 (11) 11min33s 00:00:01 – 00:12:22 (12) 12min21s	Playing in the solarium	00:00:01 00:03:11 (13) 3min10s	Lúcia and the book “Os sons dos animais” [The animal sounds]	Babies are taken to the external area of the classroom, called solarium, by teachers Lucíola and Juliana. Janaina places Simone in a toy tricycle and plays with her. Afterward, it is Valeria’s turn. Danilo crawls behind, and the teacher warns Valeria to be careful with him.
				Back in the activity room, Lucia grabs a plastic book on the floor and starts to handle it while babbling: “Ahh/ahh/ ."She babbles and points out the images with her index finger. The baby opens and closes the book, turns it upside down, returns to the original position, and babbles: “Na/na/na/na/”. The other babies play in the room. Larissa holds one of the paper sheets disposed of by teacher Ivana during the finger painting activity.