Influence of family socioeconomic status on IQ, language, memory and executive functions of Brazilian children

Piccolo, Luciane da Rosa; Arteche, Adriane Xavier; Fonseca, Rochele Paz; Grassi-Oliveira, Rodrigo; Salles, Jerusa Fumagalli

doi:10.1186/s41155-016-0016-x

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Developmental psychology, Research • PRCPsicol. Reflex. Crit. 29 (0) • 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-016-0016-x copy

Influence of family socioeconomic status on IQ, language, memory and executive functions of Brazilian children

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of family socioeconomic status (SES) and parental education on non-verbal IQ and on the processing of oral and written language, working memory, verbal memory and executive functions in children from different age ranges. A total of 419 Brazilian children aged 6–12 years old, attending public and private schools from Porto Alegre, RS participated in the study. Structural equation analyzes revealed that in the general model (for all ages), the SES contributed to cognitive performance – IQ, verbal memory, working memory, oral and written language and executive functions (28, 19, 36, 28 and 25 %, respectively). SES had stronger effects on younger children (up to nine years old), in most cognitive tasks examined. Probably, after this age, a combination of factors such as schooling, living in other social environments, among others, may mitigate the effects of family socioeconomic status.

Neuropsychological assessment; Language; Memory; Executive functions; Socioeconomic status

Tasks		Groups

SES		A			B1			B2			C

Age range		6–7	8–9	10–12	6–7	8–9	10–12	6–7	8–9	10–12	6–7	8–9	10–12
IQ	M	25.52	31.74	32.16	25.14	29.24	31.41	24.29	27.97	30.70	20.76	26.52	30.52
	SD	4.69	2.66	3.05	4.71	5.37	3.36	3.97	4.46	3.64	5.07	4.72	3.57
Semantic and episodic memory
Immediate recall	M	4.70	5.08	5.50	4.50	4.57	5.59	4.54	5.45	5.60	4.00	4.84	5.19
Immediate recall	SD	1.36	1.24	1.08	1.25	1.21	1.06	1.07	1.23	1.25	1.05	0.80	0.95
Late recall	M	3.03	3.95	3.98	3.28	3.17	4.07	3.43	4.45	4.28	2.19	3.12	3.87
Late recall	SD	1.45	1.64	1.45	1.65	1.37	1.19	1.55	1.03	1.49	1.72	1.27	1.15
Visuoverbal	M	4.76	5.74	6.25	5.56	5.61	6.18	4.96	5.61	6.32	4.43	5.52	5.77
	SD	1.15	1.39	1.15	1.13	1.19	1.13	1.11	0.92	1.24	1.03	1.23	0.85
Semantic	M	3.73	3.90	3.94	3.67	3.74	3.98	3.32	3.94	3.98	3.33	3.80	3.87
	SD	0.45	0.38	0.24	0.48	0.54	0.15	0.48	0.25	0.15	0.73	0.41	0.34
Working memory
Digit span (forward)	M	17.27	20.69	22.15	17.50	18.74	21.48	16.96	18.68	21.04	13.62	16.92	19.45
Digit span (forward)	SD	4.29	3.79	2.44	3.37	4.08	2.76	3.24	3.90	3.04	3.71	4.87	3.55
Digit span (backward)	M	16.15	20.46	21.88	16.06	19.04	20.45	15.29	18.32	20.17	10.67	17.60	20.84
Digit span (backward)	SD	5.14	4.51	3.85	4.61	3.86	3.68	5.40	4.20	3.73	5.21	4.42	3.49
Pseudoword span	M	11.19	14.50	14.87	11.67	12.57	14.20	10.30	12.35	14.43	10.33	10.79	13.19
Pseudoword span	SD	3.53	3.46	3.36	3.14	3.88	2.73	2.70	2.68	3.12	3.09	2.87	2.96
Visuospatial working memory	M	19.64	23.89	25.08	17.83	22.91	24.09	17.71	22.42	23.23	11.38	22.04	23.68
Visuospatial working memory	SD	6.01	5.63	3.17	7.21	4.90	3.99	5.56	5.28	3.78	7.05	6.00	4.26
Language
Rhyme	M	3.58	3.77	3.94	3.47	3.48	3.82	3.32	3.58	3.81	2.86	3.52	3.74
	SD	0.75	0.49	0.24	0.77	0.67	0.39	0.91	0.67	0.39	0.95	0.59	0.45
Phonemic subtraction	M	5.30	5.77	5.87	5.17	5.26	5.80	5.00	5.55	5.89	3.62	5.32	5.61
	SD	1.10	0.54	0.49	1.40	0.97	0.55	1.16	0.77	0.31	1.69	1.41	0.56
Listening	M	4.73	4.87	4.87	4.86	4.61	4.82	4.79	4.81	4.89	4.71	4.84	4.97
	SD	0.45	0.34	0.35	0.35	0.50	0.39	0.42	0.40	0.31	0.46	0.37	0.18
Inferential processing	M	2.39	5.23	6.96	2.58	5.39	6.59	2.39	4.94	6.15	1.24	4.08	6.29
	SD	2.29	1.95	1.12	2.35	1.97	1.37	2.57	1.95	1.30	1.67	2.48	1.79
Reading words and pseudowords	M	15.03	16.03	16.52	14.17	15.74	16.34	13.46	16.10	16.17	9.67	15.40	16.29
Reading words and pseudowords	SD	1.94	1.04	0.58	3.73	1.39	0.57	4.28	0.94	0.70	5.41	1.63	0.74
Reading comprehension	M	4.82	4.97	4.90	4.56	4.96	4.98	4.75	4.94	4.98	3.76	4.88	4.94
Reading comprehension	SD	0.53	0.16	0.69	1.11	0.21	0.15	0.59	0025	0.15	1.26	0.44	0.25
spelling	M	15.03	17.79	18.44	14.03	17.26	18.43	13.36	17.60	18.15	8.70	16.40	18.19
spelling	SD	2.65	1.32	0.73	4.28	1.57	0.45	4.08	1.40	1.12	5.95	2.12	1.01
Spontaneous writing	M	1.33	1.90	1.96	1.25	1.78	1.84	1.11	1.84	1.81	0.67	1.24	1.84
Spontaneous writing	SD	0.65	0.31	0.19	0.84	0.42	0.37	0.79	0.45	0.45	0.80	0.52	0.37
Written copy of words	M	1.70	1.92	1.98	1.75	1.96	1,91	1.61	1.81	2.00	1.71	1.76	1.97
Written copy of words	SD	0.47	0.27	0.14	0.50	0.21	0,29	0.57	0.48	0	0.46	0.44	0.18
Executive Functions
Orthographic verbal fluency	M	5.58	8.03	10.02	6.11	7.78	9.70	5.86	7.84	9.89	4.40	7.87	8.52
Orthographic verbal fluency	SD	2.37	3.44	3.32	3.05	3.83	2.90	2.88	2.91	4.27	2.11	3.04	3.72
Semantic verbal fluency	M	11.82	14.77	18.46	12.56	15.39	15.95	11.36	13.19	16.96	10.00	12.44	15.74
Semantic verbal fluency	SD	3.69	3.38	3.94	3.86	5.05	5.26	4.67	3.89	5.11	4.10	3.71	4.67
go-no go task	M	51.42	55.03	57.13	50.17	55.96	57.89	49.68	55.94	57.09	45.70	52.04	56.90
go-no go task	SD	6.36	3.54	4.82	7.76	4.65	2.89	6.35	3.72	3.27	6.91	6.96	3.66

Models	χ²(gl)	p	χ²/gl	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	IC 90 %	SRMR
VI: SES	193.2(114)	0.01	1.70	0.972;	0.963	0.041	0.031–0.051	0.036
VI: maternal education	204.4(114)	0.01	1.79	0.968	0.957	0.044	0.034–0.054	0.036
VI: paternal education	196.6(114)	0.01	1.72	0.970	0.960	0.043	0.032–0.052	0.038

Curso de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - sala 110, 90035-003 Porto Alegre RS - Brazil, Tel.: +55 51 3308-5691 - Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil
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[1] * Correspondence: lucianepiccolo@gmail.com (Finkbeiner and Coltheart 2009).