Authentic Leadership Questionnaire: invariance between samples of Brazilian and Portuguese employees

Clarissa S. Cervo ^** Correspondence: clacervo@gmail.com

University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Avenida Unisinos, 950, CEP: 93.022-750, sala E07 207, São Leopoldo, Brazil.

Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.

CAPES Foundation, Ministery of Education of Brazil, São Leopoldo, Brazil.

Lisete dos Santos Mendes Mónico

Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.

Nuno Rebelo dos Santos

School of Social Sciences, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal.

Claudio Simon Hutz

Department of Psychology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Leonor Pais

Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.

Authors’ contributions

CSC conceived of the study and design, contributed to the acquisition of the Brazilian data, participated in the analysis and interpretation of the data, and coordinated the manuscript draft. LSMM contributed to conception and design and acquisition of the Portuguese data, participated in the analysis, and was involved in the drafting and revising of the manuscript. NRS contributed to conception and design and acquisition of the Portuguese data. He was involved in revising critically the manuscript. CSH contributed to conception and design and acquisition of the Brazilian data. He was involved in revising critically the manuscript. LP contributed to conception and design and acquisition of the Portuguese data, participated in the interpretation of the data, and was involved in the drafting and revising of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

	Brazil (n= 1019)		Portugal (n= 842)

	N	%	N	%
Sex
Male	462	45.3	292	34.7
Female	539	52.9	548	65.1
No response	18	1.8	2	0.2
Age
Under 20 years	22	2.2	21	2.5
Between 21 and 30	347	34.1	234	27.8
Between 31 and 35	226	22.6	82	9.7
Between 36 and 40	105	10.3	97	11.5
Between 41 and 50	192	18.8	267	37.1
Over 51 years	99	9.7	139	16.5
No response	28	2.7	2	0.2
Years in the company
6 months or less	51	5.9	0	0
Between 7 months and 1 year	36	3.5	97	11.5
Between 1 year 1 month and 3 years	272	26.7	89	10.6
Between 3 years 1 month and 5 years	144	14.1	138	16.4
Between 5 years 1 month and 10 years	97	9.5	147	17.5
Over 10 years	397	39	365	43.3
No response	22	2.2	6	0.7
Education
Up to 9 years of education	35	3.4	246	29.2
From 10 to 12 years	160	15.7	281	33.4
From 13 to 17 years	603	59.2	181	21.5
Over 18 years of education	200	19.6	128	15.2
No response	21	2.1	6	0.7
Salary (in euros)
Up to 500	457	44.8	215	25.5
Between 501 and 1000	375	36.8	423	50.2
Between 1001 and 1500	68	6.7	150	17.8
Between 1501 and 2000	94	9.2	34	4
Between 2001 and 2500	4	0.4	10	1.2
Between 2501 and 3000	1	0.1	2	0.2
Between 3001 and 3500	0	0	0	0
Between 3501 and 4000	0	0	0	0
Over 4000	0	0	0	0
No response	20	2.0	8	1

Dimension of authentic leadership	Nationality

	Brazil (n= 1019)					Portugal (n= 842)					F(1, 1859)	η ²

	M	SD	1	2	3	M	SD	1	2	3
Transparency (1)	2.6	.84				2.7	.75				0.59	.000
Moral/ethics (2)	2.1	.74	.781* (.61)			2.1	.63	.664* (.44)			6.90*	.004
Balanced processing (3)	2.5	.99	.750* (.56)	.770* (.59)		2.5	.86	.631* (.40)	.649* (.42)		0.05	.000
Self-awareness (4)	2.3	1.05	.759* (.58)	.758* (.57)	.859* (.74)	2.6	.80	.647* (.42)	.623* (.39)	.690* (.48)	47.77**	.025

Model	X ²		df		X²/df		NFI		CFI		ΔCFI		PNFI		SRMR		ΔSRMR		RMSEA		ΔRMSEA		90 % CI		Model AIC

Order factor model:	1st	2nd	1st	2nd	1st	2nd	1st	2nd	1st	2nd	1st	2nd	1st	2nd	1st	2nd	1st	2nd	1st	2nd	1st	2nd	1st	2nd	1st	2nd
Invariance
1. Configural	1413.2*	1499.4*	196	200	7.21	7.50	.922	.918	.932	.928	-	-	.753	.765	.045	.047	-	-	.058	.059	-	-	.055–.061*	.056–.062*	1629.2	1707.4
2. Metric	1443.0*	1530.4*	208	212	6.94	7.22	.921	.916	.931	.927	−.001	−.001	.798	.809	.048	.049	.003	.002	.057	.058	−.001	−.001	.054–.059*	.055–.061*	1635.0	1714.4
3. Scalar	1820.8*	1901.8*	224	228	8.13	8.34	.900	.896	.911	.907	−.020	−.020	.840	.851	.048	.049	.000	.000	.062	.063	.005	.005	.059–.065*	.060–.065*	1980.8	2053.8
4. Full uniqueness measurement	2214.4*	2290.2*	250	252	8.86	9.09	.878	.874	.891	.887	−.020	−.020	.915	.918	.105	.105	.057	.056	.065	.066	.003	.003	.063–.068*	.063–.068*	2322.4	2394.2

Brasil