Briefing |
The elicitation and presentation of client requirements (and other project requirements) is done through the briefing process (Kamara et al., 2001Kamara, J. M., Anumba, C. J., & Evbuomwan, N. F. O. (2001). Assessing the suitability of current briefing practices in construction within a concurrent engineering framework. International Journal of Project Management, 19(6), 337-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(00)00015-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(00)...
). Brifing is the process running throughout a construction project by which the requirements of the client and other relevant stakeholders are progressively captured, interpreted, confirmed and then communicated to the design and construction team (Rezgui et al., 2003Rezgui, Y., Bouchlaghem, D., & Austin, S. (2003). An IT-based approach to managing the construction brief. International Journal of IT in Architecture, Engineering and Construction, 1(1), 25-37.). Briefing involves informing the project team of the client’s intentions for the project and documenting the objectives, needs and requirements in a brief (Yu, 2006Yu, A. T. W. (2006). A value management framework for systematic identification and precise representationof client requirements in the briefing process. Hong Kong: The Honk Kong Polytechnic University.). Briefing is the process by which client requirements are identified, clarified, and articulated in the early design stage of construction projects (Yu et al., 2008Yu, A. T. W., Shen, Q., Kelly, J., & Hunter, K. (2008). Comparative study of the variables in construction project briefing / architectural programming. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 134, 122-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2008)134:2(122). http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-936...
). Process through which a client informs others of his/her needs, aspirations, and desires for a project (Luo et al., 2010Luo, X., Shen, Q., & Fan, S. (2010). A case-based reasoning system for using functional performance specification in the briefing of building projects. Automation in Construction, 19(6), 725-733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2010.02.017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2010....
). Briefing starts at the pre- project stage to create a basis for the project decision and can include a number of different processes with varying purposes before and during the design and construction activities (Jensen, 2011Jensen, P. A. (2011). Inclusive briefing and user involvement: case study of a media centre in Denmark. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 7(1), 38-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/aedm.2010.0124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/aedm.2010.0124...
). Briefing is not just about specifying needs as requirements but also about evaluating how well design proposals fulfil needs and aspirations (Jensen, 2011Jensen, P. A. (2011). Inclusive briefing and user involvement: case study of a media centre in Denmark. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 7(1), 38-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/aedm.2010.0124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/aedm.2010.0124...
). Process of gathering, analyzing, and synthesizing information needed in the building process in order to inform decision-making and decision implementation. (Tang & Shen, 2013Tang, L., & Shen, Q. (2013). Factors affecting effectiveness and efficiency of analyzing stakeholders’ needs at the briefing stage of public private partnership projects. International Journal of Project Management, 31(4), 513-521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.10.010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.201...
) Briefing is the information gathering stage which precedes the the design stage (RIBA, 2013RIBA. (2013). Plan of Work 2013. London.). Briefing is one of the earliest phases of any construction project. This includes client requirements elicitation, analysis, specification and validation. It is a process to gather and determine client needs, wishes and expectations for a building leading to statements of architectural problem and the requirements to be met (Jallow et al., 2014Jallow, A. K., Demian, P., Baldwin, A. N., & Anumba, C. (2014). An empirical study of the complexity of requirements management in construction projects. Engineering, Construction, and Architectural Management, 21(5), 505-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2013-0084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2013-0...
). |
Briefing is a process at the beginning of the building design process, usually before the first drawings, through which the design objectives and stakeholders should be defined as well as their wants, needs and design constraints should be identified and clarified in order to be considered along the project. |
This is the most usual position considered in the researches and practical guides of the field (building design). |
(Yu, 2006Yu, A. T. W. (2006). A value management framework for systematic identification and precise representationof client requirements in the briefing process. Hong Kong: The Honk Kong Polytechnic University.; Yu et al., 2008Yu, A. T. W., Shen, Q., Kelly, J., & Hunter, K. (2008). Comparative study of the variables in construction project briefing / architectural programming. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 134, 122-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2008)134:2(122). http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-936...
; Luo et al., 2010Luo, X., Shen, Q., & Fan, S. (2010). A case-based reasoning system for using functional performance specification in the briefing of building projects. Automation in Construction, 19(6), 725-733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2010.02.017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2010....
; Jensen, 2011Jensen, P. A. (2011). Inclusive briefing and user involvement: case study of a media centre in Denmark. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 7(1), 38-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/aedm.2010.0124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/aedm.2010.0124...
; RIBA, 2013RIBA. (2013). Plan of Work 2013. London.; Tang & Shen, 2013Tang, L., & Shen, Q. (2013). Factors affecting effectiveness and efficiency of analyzing stakeholders’ needs at the briefing stage of public private partnership projects. International Journal of Project Management, 31(4), 513-521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.10.010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.201...
). |
Brief |
A brief is a formal document setting out the client's requirements in detail (Construction Industry Board, 1997Construction Industry Board – CIB. (1997). Briefing the team. London: Thomas Telford.). Brief is the document which contains the requirements identified through the briefing process. It is a manner to register clients’ needs and wants (Kamara et al., 2001Kamara, J. M., Anumba, C. J., & Evbuomwan, N. F. O. (2001). Assessing the suitability of current briefing practices in construction within a concurrent engineering framework. International Journal of Project Management, 19(6), 337-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(00)00015-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(00)...
). The design brief is a statement of requirements that ideally should contain everything a designer needs to know about a client’s proposed project (Hansen & Vanegas, 2003Hansen, K. L., & Vanegas, J. (2003). Improving design quality through briefing automation. Building Research and Information, 31(5), 379-386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0961321032000105395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613210320001...
). The brief is the elaboration and presentation of client requirements and a communication tool to facilitate dialogue between client and designer (Wandahl, 2004Wandahl, S. (2004). Visual value clarification: a method for an effective brief. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 10(4), 317-326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13923730.2004.9636325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13923730.2004....
). A brief is the document that defines client requirements for a building. (Luo & Shen, 2008Luo, X., & Shen, Q. (2008). A computer-aided FPS-oriented approach for construction briefing. Tsinghua Science and Technology, 13, 292-297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1007-0214(08)70164-0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1007-0214(08)...
). The brief, which is the main product of briefing, is a document defining at any point in time the relevant needs, aims, and resources of the clients and users, the context of the project and any project requirements (Chung et al., 2009Chung, J. K. H., Kumaraswamy, M. M., & Palaneeswaran, E. (2009). Improving megaproject briefing through enhanced collaboration with ICT. Automation in Construction, 18(7), 966-974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2009.05.001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2009....
). The outcome of the briefing process is a brief, a document detailing the information about client requirements (Jallow et al., 2014Jallow, A. K., Demian, P., Baldwin, A. N., & Anumba, C. (2014). An empirical study of the complexity of requirements management in construction projects. Engineering, Construction, and Architectural Management, 21(5), 505-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2013-0084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2013-0...
). |
The brief is the outcome of the briefing process, which formalizes the goals, wants, needs and constraints of the stakeholders to be considered in the project. It should be regularly consulted, updated and detailed throughout the project. |
This is the most usual position considered in the references of the field (building design). |
(Construction Industry Board, 1997Construction Industry Board – CIB. (1997). Briefing the team. London: Thomas Telford.; Hansen & Vanegas, 2003Hansen, K. L., & Vanegas, J. (2003). Improving design quality through briefing automation. Building Research and Information, 31(5), 379-386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0961321032000105395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613210320001...
; Luo & Shen, 2008Luo, X., & Shen, Q. (2008). A computer-aided FPS-oriented approach for construction briefing. Tsinghua Science and Technology, 13, 292-297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1007-0214(08)70164-0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1007-0214(08)...
; Chung et al., 2009Chung, J. K. H., Kumaraswamy, M. M., & Palaneeswaran, E. (2009). Improving megaproject briefing through enhanced collaboration with ICT. Automation in Construction, 18(7), 966-974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2009.05.001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2009....
; Jallow et al., 2014Jallow, A. K., Demian, P., Baldwin, A. N., & Anumba, C. (2014). An empirical study of the complexity of requirements management in construction projects. Engineering, Construction, and Architectural Management, 21(5), 505-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2013-0084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2013-0...
). |
Value Management |
Value management is a goal-setting process that aims to satisfy the client’s project requirements (Leung et al., 2002Leung, M., Ng, S. T., & Cheung, S. (2002). Improving satisfaction through conflict stimulation and resolution in value management in construction projects. Journal of Management Engineering, 18, 68-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2002)18:2(68). http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597...
). Value management is a structured and analytical process that seeks to achieve value for money by providing all the necessary functions at the lowest cost consistent with required levels of quality and performance (Yu et al., 2005Yu, A., Shen, Q., Kelly, J., & Hunter, K. (2005). Application of value management in project briefing. Facilities, 23(7/8), 330-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02632770510600281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02632770510600...
). Many researchers have proposed using value management in construction briefing as a means of eliciting, clarifying, and specifying client's requirements (Luo et al., 2011Luo, X., Shen, G. Q., Fan, S., & Xue, X. (2011). A group decision support system for implementing value management methodology in construction briefing. International Journal of Project Management, 29(8), 1003-1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2010.11.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.201...
). Value management is concerned with defining what ‘value’ means to a client within a particular project context by bring the project stakeholders together and producing a clear statement of the project's objectives (Luo et al., 2011Luo, X., Shen, G. Q., Fan, S., & Xue, X. (2011). A group decision support system for implementing value management methodology in construction briefing. International Journal of Project Management, 29(8), 1003-1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2010.11.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.201...
). |
Value management is concerned with defining what ‘value’ means to a client within a particular project, and leading all the necessary processes and actions to reach that value at the lowest cost, but consistent with required levels of quality and performance. |
Definition based on a combination of findings in the literature. |
(Leung et al., 2002Leung, M., Ng, S. T., & Cheung, S. (2002). Improving satisfaction through conflict stimulation and resolution in value management in construction projects. Journal of Management Engineering, 18, 68-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2002)18:2(68). http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597...
; Yu et al., 2005Yu, A., Shen, Q., Kelly, J., & Hunter, K. (2005). Application of value management in project briefing. Facilities, 23(7/8), 330-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02632770510600281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02632770510600...
; Luo et al., 2011Luo, X., Shen, G. Q., Fan, S., & Xue, X. (2011). A group decision support system for implementing value management methodology in construction briefing. International Journal of Project Management, 29(8), 1003-1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2010.11.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.201...
). |
Requirements Engineering |
Requirements engineering is a cyclic process to elicit, analyse, register and verify the functions and restrictions of a system (Sommerville, 2005Sommerville, I. (2005). Integrated requirements engineering: A tutorial. IEEE Software, 22(1), 16-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MS.2005.13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MS.2005.13...
). Requirements Engineering is concerned with the real world problems to be addressed by a software system and is focussed on the elicitation, analysis, specification and validation of software requirements (Jallow et al., 2014Jallow, A. K., Demian, P., Baldwin, A. N., & Anumba, C. (2014). An empirical study of the complexity of requirements management in construction projects. Engineering, Construction, and Architectural Management, 21(5), 505-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2013-0084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2013-0...
). Requirements engineering isdescribed as “finding what shall actually be built,” and requirements management entails ensuring that the engineered requirements are usable and up to date throughout the pro- ject (Kim et al., 2015Kim, T. W., Kim, Y., Cha, S. H., & Fischer, M. (2015). Automated updating of space design requirements connecting user activities and space types. Automation in Construction, 50, 102-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2014.12.010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2014....
). |
Requirements engineering focuses on solving the problems to be addressed by a product development through a cyclical process of identifying, analyzing, prioritizing, defining solutions and validating requirements |
Definition based on a combination of findings in the literature. |
(Sommerville, 2005Sommerville, I. (2005). Integrated requirements engineering: A tutorial. IEEE Software, 22(1), 16-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MS.2005.13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MS.2005.13...
; Jallow et al., 2014Jallow, A. K., Demian, P., Baldwin, A. N., & Anumba, C. (2014). An empirical study of the complexity of requirements management in construction projects. Engineering, Construction, and Architectural Management, 21(5), 505-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2013-0084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2013-0...
; Kim et al., 2015Kim, T. W., Kim, Y., Cha, S. H., & Fischer, M. (2015). Automated updating of space design requirements connecting user activities and space types. Automation in Construction, 50, 102-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2014.12.010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2014....
). |
Requirements management |
Requirements management aims to control the changes by tracking requirements (Bray, 2002Bray, I. K. (2002). An introduction to requirements engineering. London: Pearson Education.). It is the process that aims to maintain the project requirements up to date after the identification step (Kiviniemi, 2005Kiviniemi, A. (2005). Requirements management interface to building product models. Stanford: Stanford University.). Requirements management is a cyclical process that seeks to establish and maintain agreement between the client, the development team and everyone involved in the project (Sommerville, 2007Sommerville, I. (2007). Software engineering (8th ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley.). Management of the requirements information is important for visibility, tracking and traceability of client needs (Jallow et al., 2014Jallow, A. K., Demian, P., Baldwin, A. N., & Anumba, C. (2014). An empirical study of the complexity of requirements management in construction projects. Engineering, Construction, and Architectural Management, 21(5), 505-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2013-0084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2013-0...
). RM focuses on the activities dealing with the requirements once they have been elicited. These are: the mechanisms for requirements documentation and storage, access and retrieval, distribution, managing changes, traceability and dependency checking and communication (Jallow et al., 2014Jallow, A. K., Demian, P., Baldwin, A. N., & Anumba, C. (2014). An empirical study of the complexity of requirements management in construction projects. Engineering, Construction, and Architectural Management, 21(5), 505-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2013-0084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2013-0...
) While the requirements engineering process focuses on identifying and formalizing the requirements of a project, requirements management focuses on keeping these requirements usable and up to date throughout the project (Kim et al., 2015Kim, T. W., Kim, Y., Cha, S. H., & Fischer, M. (2015). Automated updating of space design requirements connecting user activities and space types. Automation in Construction, 50, 102-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2014.12.010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2014....
). |
Requirements management is a continuous process during the cyclical stages of identification, analysis, prioritization, specification and validation of requirements that occur throughout the project, and aims to facilitate the registration, recovery and ongoing tracking of such requirements in order to control their changes. |
Definition based on a combination of findings in the literature. |
(Bray, 2002Bray, I. K. (2002). An introduction to requirements engineering. London: Pearson Education.; Sommerville, 2007Sommerville, I. (2007). Software engineering (8th ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley.; Jallow et al., 2014Jallow, A. K., Demian, P., Baldwin, A. N., & Anumba, C. (2014). An empirical study of the complexity of requirements management in construction projects. Engineering, Construction, and Architectural Management, 21(5), 505-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2013-0084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2013-0...
). |
Client |
The term “client” refers to the person(s) or firm responsible for initiating/commissioning/promoting and paying for the de- sign and construction of a facility (Kamara et al., 1999Kamara, J. M., Anumba, C. J., & Evbuomwan, N. F. O. (1999). Client requirements processing in contruction: a new approach using QFD. Journal of Architectural Engineering, 5(1), 8-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0431(1999)5:1(8). http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-043...
). Building-owner(s) and end-user(s) of the building. Other project stakeholders, such as the community, are assumed to provide input to the Project through the Client(s) and Project Team (Kiviniemi, 2005Kiviniemi, A. (2005). Requirements management interface to building product models. Stanford: Stanford University.). The client can be a single person or multi-headed client. Multi-headed client may be an organisation, or group of clients, made up of individuals with differing wants and desires (Yu et al., 2005Yu, A., Shen, Q., Kelly, J., & Hunter, K. (2005). Application of value management in project briefing. Facilities, 23(7/8), 330-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02632770510600281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02632770510600...
). The term ‘client’ usually covers a wide range of stakeholders (Thyssen et al., 2010Thyssen, M. H., Emmitt, S., Bonke, S., & Kirk-Christoffersen, A. (2010). Facilitating client value creation in the conceptual design phase of construction projects: a workshop approach. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 6(1), 18-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/aedm.2008.0095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/aedm.2008.0095...
). Among these stakeholders is the client who states the purpose of the project and the needs and expectations to be delivered or achieved at the end of a project (Jallow et al., 2014Jallow, A. K., Demian, P., Baldwin, A. N., & Anumba, C. (2014). An empirical study of the complexity of requirements management in construction projects. Engineering, Construction, and Architectural Management, 21(5), 505-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2013-0084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2013-0...
). |
Clients are people or organizations that promote a project. They may be end users, the sponsor, or even other type of stakeholders. |
This is the most usual position considered in the references of the field (building design). Either explicitly or implicitly, the studies that address requirements in the design process treated as “clients” people or organizations that promote the project or enterprise - being the end users or not. |
(Kamara et al., 1999Kamara, J. M., Anumba, C. J., & Evbuomwan, N. F. O. (1999). Client requirements processing in contruction: a new approach using QFD. Journal of Architectural Engineering, 5(1), 8-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0431(1999)5:1(8). http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-043...
; Yu et al., 2005Yu, A., Shen, Q., Kelly, J., & Hunter, K. (2005). Application of value management in project briefing. Facilities, 23(7/8), 330-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02632770510600281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02632770510600...
; Thyssen et al., 2010Thyssen, M. H., Emmitt, S., Bonke, S., & Kirk-Christoffersen, A. (2010). Facilitating client value creation in the conceptual design phase of construction projects: a workshop approach. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 6(1), 18-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/aedm.2008.0095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/aedm.2008.0095...
). |
Users |
The person, or persons, who operate or interact directly with the product (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1998Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – IEEE. (1998). IEEE Recommended Practice for Software Requirements Specifications. New York.). “User-clients” – É o cliente que irá usar a edificação (Yu et al., 2005Yu, A., Shen, Q., Kelly, J., & Hunter, K. (2005). Application of value management in project briefing. Facilities, 23(7/8), 330-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02632770510600281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02632770510600...
). |
Users are people who use the built environment throughout its life cycle, either for its finality (eg live, study, work) or to operationalize it. |
This is the most usual position considered in the references of the field (building design), often implicitly in the context. There are few explicit statements on this term. |
(Chinyio et al., 1998Chinyio, E., Olomolaiye, P. O., & Corbett, P. (1998). An evaluation of the project needs of UK building clients. International Journal of Project Management, 16(6), 385-391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00001-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)...
; Luck et al., 2001Luck, R., Haenlein, H., & Bright, K. (2001). Project briefing for accessible design. Design Studies, 22(3), 297-315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-694X(00)00031-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-694X(00)...
; Othman et al., 2004Othman, A. A. E., Hassan, T. M., & Pasquire, C. L. (2004). Drivers for dynamic brief development in construction. Engineering, Construction, and Architectural Management, 11(4), 248-258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09699980410547603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09699980410547...
; Wandahl, 2004Wandahl, S. (2004). Visual value clarification: a method for an effective brief. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 10(4), 317-326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13923730.2004.9636325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13923730.2004....
; Yu et al., 2005Yu, A., Shen, Q., Kelly, J., & Hunter, K. (2005). Application of value management in project briefing. Facilities, 23(7/8), 330-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02632770510600281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02632770510600...
; Luck & McDonnell, 2006Luck, R., & McDonnell, J. (2006). Architect and user interaction: the spoken representation of form and functional meaning in early design conversations. Design Studies, 27(2), 141-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2005.09.001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2005....
; Soetanto et al., 2006Soetanto, R., Dainty, A. R. J., Glass, J., & Price, A. D. F. (2006). Towards an explicit design decision process: the case of the structural frame. Construction Management and Economics, 24(6), 603-614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446190600568173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446190600568...
; Jensen, 2011Jensen, P. A. (2011). Inclusive briefing and user involvement: case study of a media centre in Denmark. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 7(1), 38-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/aedm.2010.0124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/aedm.2010.0124...
; Chandra & Loosemore, 2011Chandra, V., & Loosemore, M. (2011). Communicating about organizational culture in the briefing process: case study of a hospital project. Construction Management and Economics, 29(3), 223-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2010.521756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2010....
; Jay & Bowen, 2011Jay, I., & Bowen, P. (2011). What residents value in low-cost housing schemes: some South African concepts. Building Research and Information, 39(6), 574-588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2011.617082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2011....
). |
Sponsor |
“Paying clients” é o cliente que irá patrocinar a edificação (Yu et al., 2005Yu, A., Shen, Q., Kelly, J., & Hunter, K. (2005). Application of value management in project briefing. Facilities, 23(7/8), 330-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02632770510600281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02632770510600...
). The person or group with the financial resources in cash or in kind for the project (Project Management Institute, 2013Project Management Institute – PMI. (2013). PMBOK guide (5th ed.). Pennsylvania.). |
The person or group with the financial resources in cash or in kind for the project (Project Management Institute, 2013Project Management Institute – PMI. (2013). PMBOK guide (5th ed.). Pennsylvania.). |
This is the most usual position considered in the references, often implicitly in the context. |
(Wandahl, 2004Wandahl, S. (2004). Visual value clarification: a method for an effective brief. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 10(4), 317-326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13923730.2004.9636325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13923730.2004....
; Yu et al., 2005Yu, A., Shen, Q., Kelly, J., & Hunter, K. (2005). Application of value management in project briefing. Facilities, 23(7/8), 330-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02632770510600281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02632770510600...
; Project Management Institute, 2013Project Management Institute – PMI. (2013). PMBOK guide (5th ed.). Pennsylvania.). |
Stakeholder |
Stakeholders are persons or organizations who are actively involved in the project, or whose interests may be positively or negatively affected by the performance or completion of the project (Project Management Institute, 2013Project Management Institute – PMI. (2013). PMBOK guide (5th ed.). Pennsylvania.). The term stakeholders include clients, designers, project team members and end-users in a project (Chung et al., 2009Chung, J. K. H., Kumaraswamy, M. M., & Palaneeswaran, E. (2009). Improving megaproject briefing through enhanced collaboration with ICT. Automation in Construction, 18(7), 966-974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2009.05.001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2009....
). |
Stakeholders are persons or organizations who are actively involved in the project, or whose interests may be positively or negatively affected by the performance or completion of the project (Project Management Institute, 2013Project Management Institute – PMI. (2013). PMBOK guide (5th ed.). Pennsylvania.). |
The widely accepted and widespread definition of the Project Management Institute (PMI) was adopted. |
(Project Management Institute, 2013Project Management Institute – PMI. (2013). PMBOK guide (5th ed.). Pennsylvania.). |
Needs |
Need is a state of deprivation of some basic satisfaction (Kotler, 1991Kotler, P. (1991). Marketing management: analysis, planning, implementation and control (7th ed.). London: Prentice-Hall.). Circumstances in which something is necessary, or that require some course of action (Oxford University Press, 2010Oxford University Press. (2010). New Oxford American Dictionary (3th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.). A condition or situation in which something must be supplied in order for a certain condition to be maintained or a desired state to be achieved (American Heritage, 2011American Heritage. (2011). American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.). |
Need is deprived state in which something must be provided to achieve or maintain a certain condition or situation. |
Definition based on a combination of findings of the marketing literature and dictionaries, as it was not found a precise definition in the sytematic review references. |
(Kotler, 1991Kotler, P. (1991). Marketing management: analysis, planning, implementation and control (7th ed.). London: Prentice-Hall.; American Heritage, 2011American Heritage. (2011). American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.). |
Wants |
Wants are desires for specific satisfiers of needs. Although people’s needs are few, their wants are many (Kotler, 1991Kotler, P. (1991). Marketing management: analysis, planning, implementation and control (7th ed.). London: Prentice-Hall.). Wants are objects (goods or services) for satisfying cravings for mental and physical pleasures (Chinyio et al., 1998Chinyio, E., Olomolaiye, P. O., & Corbett, P. (1998). An evaluation of the project needs of UK building clients. International Journal of Project Management, 16(6), 385-391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00001-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)...
). A strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen (Oxford University Press, 2010Oxford University Press. (2010). New Oxford American Dictionary (3th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.). |
Desire is the feeling of wanting to have something or that something happens to meet physical or mental pleasures. |
Definition based on a combination of findings of the marketing literature and dictionaries, as it was not found a precise definition in the sytematic review references. |
(Chinyio et al., 1998Chinyio, E., Olomolaiye, P. O., & Corbett, P. (1998). An evaluation of the project needs of UK building clients. International Journal of Project Management, 16(6), 385-391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00001-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)...
; Oxford University Press, 2010Oxford University Press. (2010). New Oxford American Dictionary (3th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.). |
Restrictions |
A restriction is a condition to be checked, limited, or forced to avoid some action or result. It limits the space to be designed and are formulated to allow the rejection of unacceptable alternatives (Dym & Little, 2008Dym, C. L., & Little, P. (2008). Engineering design: a project based introduction (3th ed.). New York: Wiley.). |
A restriction is a condition to be checked, limited, or forced to avoid some action or result. It limits the space to be designed and are formulated to allow the rejection of unacceptable alternatives (Dym & Little, 2008Dym, C. L., & Little, P. (2008). Engineering design: a project based introduction (3th ed.). New York: Wiley.). |
Definition based on design, as it was not found a precise definition in the sytematic review references. |
(Dym & Little, 2008Dym, C. L., & Little, P. (2008). Engineering design: a project based introduction (3th ed.). New York: Wiley.). |
Requirements |
A requirement is a statement identifying capability, physical characteristics, or quality factor that bounds a product or process need for which solution will be pursued (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1995Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – IEEE. (1995). IEEE trial-use standard for application and management of the systems engineering process. New York.). Requirements are features that a product or service must have to satisfy demands or to achieve customers’ goals, qualified by measurable conditions and bounded by constraints (Parviainen et al., 2005Parviainen, P., Tihinen, M., & Van Solingen, R. (2005). Requirements engineering: dealing with the complexity of Sociotechnical Systems Development. In J. L. Mate & A. Silva (Eds.), Requirements engineering for sociotechnical systems. Hershey: Information Science Publishing.). A statement of quality or desired property of the building or its parts (Kiviniemi, 2005Kiviniemi, A. (2005). Requirements management interface to building product models. Stanford: Stanford University.). Requirements may be regarded as measurable statements of the client’s needs which are transformed into an architectural design and subsequently into a finished facility (Jallow et al., 2014Jallow, A. K., Demian, P., Baldwin, A. N., & Anumba, C. (2014). An empirical study of the complexity of requirements management in construction projects. Engineering, Construction, and Architectural Management, 21(5), 505-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2013-0084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2013-0...
). |
Requirement is a statement that prescribes features that a product or service must have to satisfy demands or to achieve project stakeholders’ goals. |
Definition based on a combination of findings in the literature. |
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1995Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – IEEE. (1995). IEEE trial-use standard for application and management of the systems engineering process. New York.; Parviainen et al., 2005Parviainen, P., Tihinen, M., & Van Solingen, R. (2005). Requirements engineering: dealing with the complexity of Sociotechnical Systems Development. In J. L. Mate & A. Silva (Eds.), Requirements engineering for sociotechnical systems. Hershey: Information Science Publishing.). |
Specifications |
Specifications limit the range of valid designs, but do not specify any particular design (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1998Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – IEEE. (1998). IEEE Recommended Practice for Software Requirements Specifications. New York.). Requirements should be represent in a solution-neutral format that can be understood by the different disciplines working on a project (Kamara et al., 2000Kamara, J. M., Anumba, C. J., & Evbuomwan, N. F. O. (2000). Computer-Based Application for the Processing of Clients’ Requirements. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 14(4), 264-271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(2000)14:4(264). http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-380...
). Specification is a design-neutral information which allow all team members to communicate more effectively (Luo et al., 2010Luo, X., Shen, Q., & Fan, S. (2010). A case-based reasoning system for using functional performance specification in the briefing of building projects. Automation in Construction, 19(6), 725-733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2010.02.017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2010....
). A detailed, exact statement of particulars, especially a statement prescribing materials, dimensions, and quality of work for something to be built,installed, or manufactured (American Heritage, 2011American Heritage. (2011). American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.). |
Specification is a prescription associated with a requirement which indicate the attributes and limitations to be met by design solutions. |
Definition based on a combination of findings in the literature. |
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1998Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – IEEE. (1998). IEEE Recommended Practice for Software Requirements Specifications. New York.; Kamara et al., 2000Kamara, J. M., Anumba, C. J., & Evbuomwan, N. F. O. (2000). Computer-Based Application for the Processing of Clients’ Requirements. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 14(4), 264-271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(2000)14:4(264). http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-380...
; Luo et al., 2010Luo, X., Shen, Q., & Fan, S. (2010). A case-based reasoning system for using functional performance specification in the briefing of building projects. Automation in Construction, 19(6), 725-733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2010.02.017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2010....
; American Heritage, 2011American Heritage. (2011). American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.). |
Design Solution |
The act or process of solving a problem (American Heritage, 2011American Heritage. (2011). American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.). Design solutions are subsequently used to facilitate the construction of the facility as well as to aid material procurement process (Jallow, 2011Jallow, A. K. (2011). Integrated lifecycle requirements information management in construction. Loughborough University.). |
Design solution is the decision or action chosen to meet the design requirements, which must be limited by the specifications. |
This is the most usual position considered in the references of the field (building design), often implicitly in the context. |
(Luck & McDonnell, 2006Luck, R., & McDonnell, J. (2006). Architect and user interaction: the spoken representation of form and functional meaning in early design conversations. Design Studies, 27(2), 141-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2005.09.001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2005....
; Shen et al., 2013Shen, W., Zhang, X., Shen, Q., & Fernando, T. (2013). The user pre-occupancy evaluation method in designer-client communication in early design stage: a case study. Automation in Construction, 32, 112-124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2013.01.014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2013....
; Jallow, 2011Jallow, A. K. (2011). Integrated lifecycle requirements information management in construction. Loughborough University.). |