PSS product-oriented |
Plan the acquisition of the product with personalized services (value proposition) |
In product-oriented PSS the providers are not responsible for the product after the sale, but they are responsible for providing personalized services |
United Nations Environment Programme (2002)United Nations Environment Programme (2002). Product-service systems and sustainability: opportunities for sustainable solutions. Milan: INDACO Department/Politecnico di Milano. Retrieved in 2017, June 26, from http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Portals/24147/scp/design/pdf/pss-imp-7.pdf
http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/P...
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Plan the product property transfer to consumer |
Plan the services offered during the product use in both advising and consulting sub-categories |
Azarenko et al. (2009)Azarenko, A., Roy, R., Shehab, E., & Tiwari, A. (2009). Technical product-service systems: some implications for the machine tool industry. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 20(5), 700-722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410380910961064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410380910961...
, Tukker (2004)Tukker, A. (2004). Eight types of product-service system: eight ways to sustainability? Experiences from suspronet. Business Strategy and the Environment, 13(4), 246-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.414...
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Plan the increase in product use and life time |
Products need to be durable in order to reduce the resources consumption and maintenance costs |
Wu & Gao (2010)Wu, Y., & Gao, W. (2010, Jan 9-10). A study on the model and characteristics of product-based service supply chain. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Logistics Systems and Intelligent Management (pp. 1127-1131). Harbin: ICLSIM. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICLSIM.2010.5461134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICLSIM.2010.54...
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Plan the marketing model |
It is related to the definition of the offered services. It address the activities to identify market requirements |
Aurich et al. (2010)Aurich, J. C., Mannweiler, C., & Schweitzer, E. (2010). How to design and offer services successfully. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 2(3), 136-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.03.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.0...
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Plan the payment schemes for the services performed |
When the consumer purchases the product it is necessary to offer payment schemes options for the services offered |
United Nations Environment Programme (2002)United Nations Environment Programme (2002). Product-service systems and sustainability: opportunities for sustainable solutions. Milan: INDACO Department/Politecnico di Milano. Retrieved in 2017, June 26, from http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Portals/24147/scp/design/pdf/pss-imp-7.pdf
http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/P...
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Plan the technical services (e.g. maintenance) |
Periodic maintenance services based on consumers requirements will be performed and the provider must plan it focusing on workers with high levels of product knowledge and relationship development capability |
Tukker (2004)Tukker, A. (2004). Eight types of product-service system: eight ways to sustainability? Experiences from suspronet. Business Strategy and the Environment, 13(4), 246-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.414...
, Aurich et al. (2010)Aurich, J. C., Mannweiler, C., & Schweitzer, E. (2010). How to design and offer services successfully. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 2(3), 136-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.03.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.0...
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Plan consumers and suppliers relationship |
It is necessary to plan the interactions with consumers and suppliers |
Aurich et al. (2010)Aurich, J. C., Mannweiler, C., & Schweitzer, E. (2010). How to design and offer services successfully. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 2(3), 136-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.03.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.0...
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Provide replacement materials to the consumer |
The offer must be planned in order to periodically supply consumers with the materials necessary for products use |
Tukker (2004)Tukker, A. (2004). Eight types of product-service system: eight ways to sustainability? Experiences from suspronet. Business Strategy and the Environment, 13(4), 246-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.414...
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Plan the service availability (infrastructure) |
For consumer convenience, the services that complement the product are offered in the consumer’s preferred environment in order to provide personalized services |
Tukker (2004)Tukker, A. (2004). Eight types of product-service system: eight ways to sustainability? Experiences from suspronet. Business Strategy and the Environment, 13(4), 246-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.414...
, United Nations Environment Programme (2002)United Nations Environment Programme (2002). Product-service systems and sustainability: opportunities for sustainable solutions. Milan: INDACO Department/Politecnico di Milano. Retrieved in 2017, June 26, from http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Portals/24147/scp/design/pdf/pss-imp-7.pdf
http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/P...
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Result in economies of scale |
Plan the services in order to supply more than one consumer and result in less costs and resources consumption |
Wu & Gao (2010)Wu, Y., & Gao, W. (2010, Jan 9-10). A study on the model and characteristics of product-based service supply chain. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Logistics Systems and Intelligent Management (pp. 1127-1131). Harbin: ICLSIM. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICLSIM.2010.5461134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICLSIM.2010.54...
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Provide consumer with personalized services |
Personalized services ensure consumer loyalty by meeting their needs continuously |
Besch (2005)Besch, K. (2005). Product-service systems for office furniture: barriers and opportunities on the European market. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13(10-11), 1083-1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.12.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004...
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PSS use-oriented |
Plan the use of the product with personalized services (value proposition) |
Plan the function of the product to be offered |
Sundin (2009)Sundin, E. (2009). Life-cycle perspectives of product/service-systems. In T. Sakao & M. Lindahl (Eds.), Introduction to product/service-system design (pp. 31-49). London: Springer., Aurich et al. (2010)Aurich, J. C., Mannweiler, C., & Schweitzer, E. (2010). How to design and offer services successfully. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 2(3), 136-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.03.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.0...
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Plan the increase in product use intensity and life time |
Create a durable product |
Wu & Gao (2010)Wu, Y., & Gao, W. (2010, Jan 9-10). A study on the model and characteristics of product-based service supply chain. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Logistics Systems and Intelligent Management (pp. 1127-1131). Harbin: ICLSIM. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICLSIM.2010.5461134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICLSIM.2010.54...
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Plan payment for the used time |
In the second PSS category consumers use the product for a pre-determined period of time and it is necessary to plan the payment scheme |
Tukker (2004)Tukker, A. (2004). Eight types of product-service system: eight ways to sustainability? Experiences from suspronet. Business Strategy and the Environment, 13(4), 246-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.414...
, United Nations Environment Programme (2002)United Nations Environment Programme (2002). Product-service systems and sustainability: opportunities for sustainable solutions. Milan: INDACO Department/Politecnico di Milano. Retrieved in 2017, June 26, from http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Portals/24147/scp/design/pdf/pss-imp-7.pdf
http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/P...
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Plan the marketing model |
It is related to the services offered. It provides activities to identify and to address the market requirements |
Aurich et al. (2010)Aurich, J. C., Mannweiler, C., & Schweitzer, E. (2010). How to design and offer services successfully. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 2(3), 136-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.03.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.0...
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Plan the product properties that belong to service providers |
When the product cannot be used by consumers, the provider identifies the appropriate destination for components and materials |
Alix & Zacharewicz (2012)Alix, T., & Zacharewicz, G. (2012). Product-service systems scenarios simulation based on G-DEVS/HLA: Generalized discrete event specification/high level architecture. Computers in Industry, 63(4), 370-378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2012.02.011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2012...
, Tukker (2004)Tukker, A. (2004). Eight types of product-service system: eight ways to sustainability? Experiences from suspronet. Business Strategy and the Environment, 13(4), 246-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.414...
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Plan the service delivery model (lease, share or simultaneous use) for high-value products |
It is necessary to create a lease system that consumers can use products and services to meet their needs for an specific period of time without acquiring them |
Aurich et al. (2010)Aurich, J. C., Mannweiler, C., & Schweitzer, E. (2010). How to design and offer services successfully. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 2(3), 136-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.03.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.0...
, Berkovich et al. (2014)Berkovich, M., Leimeister, J. M., Hoffmann, A., & Krcmar, H. (2014). A requirements data model for product service systems. Requirements Engineering, 19(2), 161-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00766-012-0164-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00766-012-016...
, Besch (2005)Besch, K. (2005). Product-service systems for office furniture: barriers and opportunities on the European market. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13(10-11), 1083-1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.12.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004...
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Plan individual product access |
The product must be designed to be used individually |
Kang & Wimmer (2008)Kang, M. J., & Wimmer, R. (2008). Product service systems as systemic cures for obese consumption and production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 16(11), 1146-1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.08.009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2007...
, Aurich et al. (2010)Aurich, J. C., Mannweiler, C., & Schweitzer, E. (2010). How to design and offer services successfully. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 2(3), 136-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.03.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.0...
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Plan the product share schemes |
Different users share the same product at different times |
Aurich et al. (2010)Aurich, J. C., Mannweiler, C., & Schweitzer, E. (2010). How to design and offer services successfully. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 2(3), 136-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.03.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.0...
, Kang & Wimmer (2008)Kang, M. J., & Wimmer, R. (2008). Product service systems as systemic cures for obese consumption and production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 16(11), 1146-1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.08.009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2007...
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Plan the simultaneous use of the product by different users |
Different consumers use the products and services at the same time |
Kang & Wimmer (2008)Kang, M. J., & Wimmer, R. (2008). Product service systems as systemic cures for obese consumption and production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 16(11), 1146-1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.08.009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2007...
, Aurich et al. (2010)Aurich, J. C., Mannweiler, C., & Schweitzer, E. (2010). How to design and offer services successfully. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 2(3), 136-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.03.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.0...
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Provide maintenance services, repair, control and post-use destination |
Plan the service performance before delivering a PSS to consumers |
Alix & Zacharewicz (2012)Alix, T., & Zacharewicz, G. (2012). Product-service systems scenarios simulation based on G-DEVS/HLA: Generalized discrete event specification/high level architecture. Computers in Industry, 63(4), 370-378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2012.02.011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2012...
, Besch (2005)Besch, K. (2005). Product-service systems for office furniture: barriers and opportunities on the European market. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13(10-11), 1083-1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.12.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004...
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Guide the consumer on the effective use of the product and its environmental, social and economic gains |
Consumers should be informed about product usage to ensure adequate performance |
Bastl et al. (2012)Bastl, M., Johnson, M., Lightfoot, H., & Evans, S. (2012). Buyer supplier relationships in a servitized environment: an examination with Cannon and Perreault’s framework. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 32(6), 650-675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443571211230916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443571211230...
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Offer on-site services or consumer-based services |
Consumers often prefer to seek services and products that meet their needs, and do not want to worry about the post-purchase destination |
United Nations Environment Programme (2002)United Nations Environment Programme (2002). Product-service systems and sustainability: opportunities for sustainable solutions. Milan: INDACO Department/Politecnico di Milano. Retrieved in 2017, June 26, from http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Portals/24147/scp/design/pdf/pss-imp-7.pdf
http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/P...
, Williams (2006)Williams, A. (2006). Product-service systems in the automotive industry: the case of micro-factory retailing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 14(2), 172-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.09.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004...
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Economies of scale |
To offer a service to more than one consumer increases the product usability |
Wu & Gao (2010)Wu, Y., & Gao, W. (2010, Jan 9-10). A study on the model and characteristics of product-based service supply chain. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Logistics Systems and Intelligent Management (pp. 1127-1131). Harbin: ICLSIM. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICLSIM.2010.5461134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICLSIM.2010.54...
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Provide consumer with personalized services |
Personalized service ensures consumer loyalty and that consumer needs are met continuously |
Besch (2005)Besch, K. (2005). Product-service systems for office furniture: barriers and opportunities on the European market. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13(10-11), 1083-1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.12.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004...
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PSS results-oriented |
Plan the value proposition (acquisition of services to customize the products) |
Services are acquired and products are only used as a means to meet the consumers' needs |
Tukker (2004)Tukker, A. (2004). Eight types of product-service system: eight ways to sustainability? Experiences from suspronet. Business Strategy and the Environment, 13(4), 246-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.414...
, Aurich et al. (2010)Aurich, J. C., Mannweiler, C., & Schweitzer, E. (2010). How to design and offer services successfully. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 2(3), 136-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.03.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.0...
, Berkovich et al. (2014)Berkovich, M., Leimeister, J. M., Hoffmann, A., & Krcmar, H. (2014). A requirements data model for product service systems. Requirements Engineering, 19(2), 161-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00766-012-0164-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00766-012-016...
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Outsource an activity for the consumer |
An activity is outsourced by a specialized company |
Tukker (2004)Tukker, A. (2004). Eight types of product-service system: eight ways to sustainability? Experiences from suspronet. Business Strategy and the Environment, 13(4), 246-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.414...
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Outsource a service where the provider takes up activities |
In addition to outsourcing the activities to specialized companies, the provider assumes responsibility for the activities while the consumer pays only for services |
Berkovich et al. (2014)Berkovich, M., Leimeister, J. M., Hoffmann, A., & Krcmar, H. (2014). A requirements data model for product service systems. Requirements Engineering, 19(2), 161-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00766-012-0164-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00766-012-016...
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Outsource services in which the provider delivers a result |
The consumer seeks to outsource a result rather than an activity and pay only for the results |
Berkovich et al. (2014)Berkovich, M., Leimeister, J. M., Hoffmann, A., & Krcmar, H. (2014). A requirements data model for product service systems. Requirements Engineering, 19(2), 161-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00766-012-0164-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00766-012-016...
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Plan payment for an outsourced activity (services) |
Payment schemes for the outsourced activities |
Berkovich et al. (2014)Berkovich, M., Leimeister, J. M., Hoffmann, A., & Krcmar, H. (2014). A requirements data model for product service systems. Requirements Engineering, 19(2), 161-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00766-012-0164-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00766-012-016...
, Tukker (2004)Tukker, A. (2004). Eight types of product-service system: eight ways to sustainability? Experiences from suspronet. Business Strategy and the Environment, 13(4), 246-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.414...
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Plan to outsource services for high-value products |
Some services for high-value products may be outsourced to meet the consumer’s needs |
Berkovich et al. (2014)Berkovich, M., Leimeister, J. M., Hoffmann, A., & Krcmar, H. (2014). A requirements data model for product service systems. Requirements Engineering, 19(2), 161-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00766-012-0164-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00766-012-016...
, Besch (2005)Besch, K. (2005). Product-service systems for office furniture: barriers and opportunities on the European market. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13(10-11), 1083-1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.12.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004...
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Deliver results |
The provider personalizes the service to better meet consumers’ needs |
Aurich et al. (2010)Aurich, J. C., Mannweiler, C., & Schweitzer, E. (2010). How to design and offer services successfully. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 2(3), 136-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.03.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.0...
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Plan the product property |
Plan the property in order to make the product available for different consumers |
Alix & Zacharewicz (2012)Alix, T., & Zacharewicz, G. (2012). Product-service systems scenarios simulation based on G-DEVS/HLA: Generalized discrete event specification/high level architecture. Computers in Industry, 63(4), 370-378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2012.02.011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2012...
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Provide consumer with personalized services |
Personalized services are needed to achieve consumers loyalty by meeting their needs continuously |
Besch (2005)Besch, K. (2005). Product-service systems for office furniture: barriers and opportunities on the European market. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13(10-11), 1083-1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.12.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004...
|
|
Economies of scale |
Providing a service to more than one consumer increases the product usability |
Wu & Gao (2010)Wu, Y., & Gao, W. (2010, Jan 9-10). A study on the model and characteristics of product-based service supply chain. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Logistics Systems and Intelligent Management (pp. 1127-1131). Harbin: ICLSIM. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICLSIM.2010.5461134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICLSIM.2010.54...
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