A review of required features for a disaster response system on top of a multi-criteria decision: a Brazilian perspective

Eckhardt, Daniel; Leiras, Adriana

doi:10.1590/0103-6513.20180007

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Research Article • Prod. 28 • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6513.20180007 copy

A review of required features for a disaster response system on top of a multi-criteria decision: a Brazilian perspective

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Paper aims

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current Brazilian Integrated Disaster Information System (S2iD), designed to qualify and give transparency to the disaster management in Brazil.

Originality

Providing an analysis of the system features and its prioritization, this paper can also serve as a reference for implementing software for disaster response.

Research method

To enable the S2iD evaluation, the research considers a triangulation method that includes literature review, disaster response tool assessment and a multi-criteria decision model based on interviews with specialists.

Main findings

The study could define and prioritize the most critical functionalities for a disaster response system. On top of it, four new features (Information Security, Multiuser, Donor Evaluation, History Database) not previously documented in the literature were defined as necessary to a disaster management system.

Implications for theory and practice

The detailed findings indicate ways of improvement for the S2iD.

Keywords
Humanitarian logistics; Disaster response; Software system; Multi-criteria decision-making; S2iD

Functionality	Reference	Description
Supply Chain (Design)	Blecken (2010) Blecken, A. (2010). Humanitarian logistics: modeling supply chain processes of humanitarian organizations (Kuehne Foundation Book Series on Logistics, Vol. 18). Berne: Haupt-Verlag.	Build a supply chain project targeting the strategic concept of the whole supply and demand network to achieve optimal profitability.
Supply Chain (Planning)	Blecken (2010) Blecken, A. (2010). Humanitarian logistics: modeling supply chain processes of humanitarian organizations (Kuehne Foundation Book Series on Logistics, Vol. 18). Berne: Haupt-Verlag.	Plan the supply chain tasks at strategic, tactical and operational levels to optimize the execution of processes.
Supply Chain (Execution))	Blecken (2010) Blecken, A. (2010). Humanitarian logistics: modeling supply chain processes of humanitarian organizations (Kuehne Foundation Book Series on Logistics, Vol. 18). Berne: Haupt-Verlag.	Ability to manage the supply chain and the donation of funds, equipment, materials or other items according to the disaster needs in the best possible way. It should have an alert management system that informs users about potential bottlenecks and incidents in the overall chain.
Documentation	Blecken (2010) Blecken, A. (2010). Humanitarian logistics: modeling supply chain processes of humanitarian organizations (Kuehne Foundation Book Series on Logistics, Vol. 18). Berne: Haupt-Verlag.	Easily accessible and friendly documentation. Documentation must be accessible online, as well as remotely.
Reports	Blecken (2010) Blecken, A. (2010). Humanitarian logistics: modeling supply chain processes of humanitarian organizations (Kuehne Foundation Book Series on Logistics, Vol. 18). Berne: Haupt-Verlag.	Real-time reports (internal and external).
Accessibility	Blecken (2010) Blecken, A. (2010). Humanitarian logistics: modeling supply chain processes of humanitarian organizations (Kuehne Foundation Book Series on Logistics, Vol. 18). Berne: Haupt-Verlag.	Be accessible locally and remotely.
Controlling	Blecken (2010) Blecken, A. (2010). Humanitarian logistics: modeling supply chain processes of humanitarian organizations (Kuehne Foundation Book Series on Logistics, Vol. 18). Berne: Haupt-Verlag.	Ability to provide financial information.
Cross-linking	Blecken (2010) Blecken, A. (2010). Humanitarian logistics: modeling supply chain processes of humanitarian organizations (Kuehne Foundation Book Series on Logistics, Vol. 18). Berne: Haupt-Verlag.	Be intra-organizational; for instance, regional warehouses may be connected to central warehouses to gain visibility into supply chain inventory. Provide cross-linking possibilities with the software used in other departments of the same organization, such as human and financial resources.
Modularity and Adaptability	Blecken (2010) Blecken, A. (2010). Humanitarian logistics: modeling supply chain processes of humanitarian organizations (Kuehne Foundation Book Series on Logistics, Vol. 18). Berne: Haupt-Verlag.	Ability to use only some modules of the proposed tool according to the disaster phase needs.
Usability	Blecken (2010) Blecken, A. (2010). Humanitarian logistics: modeling supply chain processes of humanitarian organizations (Kuehne Foundation Book Series on Logistics, Vol. 18). Berne: Haupt-Verlag.	User-friendly interface (intuitive).
Direct Costs	Blecken (2010) Blecken, A. (2010). Humanitarian logistics: modeling supply chain processes of humanitarian organizations (Kuehne Foundation Book Series on Logistics, Vol. 18). Berne: Haupt-Verlag.	Low costs related to software and hardware.
Indirect Costs	Blecken (2010) Blecken, A. (2010). Humanitarian logistics: modeling supply chain processes of humanitarian organizations (Kuehne Foundation Book Series on Logistics, Vol. 18). Berne: Haupt-Verlag.	Low costs related to supporting and maintenance.
Volunteer Registration	Eckhardt & Leiras (2015) Eckhardt, D., & Leiras, A. (2015). A disaster management framework based on the overview of the existent tools on top of a multi-criteria decision. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual POMS Conference. Washington: Production and Operations Management Society.	Register and manage volunteers, divided among organizations and individuals.
Notification	Eckhardt & Leiras (2015) Eckhardt, D., & Leiras, A. (2015). A disaster management framework based on the overview of the existent tools on top of a multi-criteria decision. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual POMS Conference. Washington: Production and Operations Management Society.	Allow sending a different type of messages (text messages, email and social networks).
Interoperability	Shafiq et al. (2012) Shafiq, B., Ae Chun, S., Atluri, V., Vaidya, J., & Nabi, G. (2012). Resource sharing using UICDSTM framework for incident management. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 6(1), 41-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17506161211214813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/1750616121121... ; Blecken (2010) Blecken, A. (2010). Humanitarian logistics: modeling supply chain processes of humanitarian organizations (Kuehne Foundation Book Series on Logistics, Vol. 18). Berne: Haupt-Verlag.	Ability to interact with external applications via a standardized protocol. Each entity can continue working with its tool and send information into a central system. Be inter-organizational; for instance, several humanitarian organizations access the same information to facilitate coordination and cooperation and thus improve the operation’s efficiency.
Information Security	Authors contribution	Safety security levels according to market best practices.
Multiuser	Authors contribution	Ability to manage multiple users at the same time, using hierarchical levels and with different user roles.
Donor Evaluation	Authors contribution	Allow donors’ evaluation of donors based on the fulfillment of agreed commitments.
History Database	Authors contribution	Historical database for queries and comparisons between disasters for predictability studies.

Critical success factors ( Pettit & Beresford, 2009 Pettit, S. J., & Beresford, A. (2009). Critical success factors in the context of humanitarian aid supply chains. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 39(6), 450-468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09600030910985811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/0960003091098... )	Sub-group	Related features
Strategic Planning, Resource Management, Transport Planning, Capacity Planning, Human Resource Management, Supply Chain Strategy	Resource Management and Planning	Supply Chain Design, Supply Chain Planning, Supply Chain Execution, Controlling, Direct Costs, Indirect Costs, Modularity/ Adaptability, Volunteer Register
Information management, Supplier relations	Communication Management	Documentation, Reports, Donor Evaluation, Historical Database, Notification Module, Accessibility
Technology utilization, Continuous improvement	Information Technology	Interoperability, Cross-linking, Usability, IT Security, Multiuser

Stakeholder	Resource Planning and Management	Communication Management	Systems and Technology
Government	0.4740	0.3760	0.1490
Aid Agencies	0.1260	0.4580	0.4160
NGO	0.3270	0.4130	0.2600
Academy	0.1050	0.6370	0.2580
Military	0.6370	0.2580	0.1050
Logistic Operators	0.0940	0.6270	0.2800
Donors	0.4810	0.1140	0.4050

Sub-group	Functionality	Government	Aid agencies	NGO	Academy	Military	Logistic Operator	Donor
Resource Management and Planning	Supply Chain Design	0.157	0.233	0.112	0.040	0.211	0.108	0.114
	Supply Chain Planning	0.132	0.143	0.077	0.137	0.211	0.095	0.114
	Supply Chain Execution	0.252	0.098	0.338	0.137	0.211	0.101	0.265
	Controlling	0.078	0.076	0.263	0.128	0.105	0.123	0.202
	Direct Costs	0.114	0.061	0.073	0.080	0.045	0.201	0.043
	Indirect Costs	0.114	0.041	0.061	0.068	0.045	0.129	0.023
	Modularity / Adaptability	0.113	0.329	0.032	0.387	0.049	0.122	0.065
	Volunteer Register	0.039	0.019	0.044	0.022	0.123	0.122	0.174
Communication Management	Documentation	0.178	0.036	0.323	0.072	0.301	0.062	0.025
Communication Management	Reports	0.125	0.105	0.130	0.184	0.120	0.212	0.135
	Donor Evaluation	0.085	0.071	0.095	0.030	0.046	0.147	0.130
	Historical Database	0.117	0.302	0.060	0.184	0.086	0.087	0.250
	Notification Module	0.117	0.257	0.041	0.050	0.233	0.222	0.038
	Accessibility	0.378	0.230	0.351	0.480	0.215	0.270	0.422
Information Technology	Interoperability	0.141	0.062	0.533	0.220	0.139	0.141	0.071
Information Technology	Cross-linking	0.136	0.070	0.058	0.124	0.056	0.131	0.197
	Usability	0.300	0.384	0.184	0.561	0.226	0.096	0.042
	IT Security	0.300	0.140	0.073	0.061	0.507	0.396	0.580
	Multiuser	0.123	0.344	0.152	0.035	0.072	0.236	0.111

Functionality	S2iD	Description
Supply Chain (Design)	Not Compliant	-
Supply Chain (Planning)	Not Compliant	-
Supply Chain (Execution))	Not Compliant	-
Documentation	Compliant	There are several manuals and training material available in the Internet ( http://www.integracao.gov.br ).
Reports	Partially Compliant	There are several reports available into the system, including total disasters per region, damage and loss per region, summary reports, etc. Online reports related to the disaster response or/and recovery are still not available, compromising transparency of the tool.
Accessibility	Partially Compliant	The system does not work in off line mode
Controlling	Compliant	The system foresees a financial controlling module with restrict access.
Cross-linking	Partially Compliant	The system only connects with IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics). It would be necessary to expand this network including other stakeholders.
Modularity and Adaptability	Compliant	The system contains different modules such Reports, Disaster Registration, Training Documents, Legislation, Geospatial Analysis, Contingency Plan, Resourcing.
Usability	Compliant	The system has a friendly User Interface. A responsive development method could be applied to allow different devices access (for instance, via mobile).
Direct Costs	Not Evaluated	-
Indirect Costs	Not Evaluated	-
Volunteer Registration	Not Compliant	-
Notification	Not Compliant	There is an ongoing national project that will provide SMS message alerts to mobile phones of the population to the population in risk areas. It would be essential to enhance the notification methods to include other Social Media.
Interoperability	Not Compliant	-
Information Security	Compliant	Based on login and password, S2iD covers the minimum-security rules scenario. It would be important to have an external evaluation, for instance, penetration tests that simulates an attack on the application to determine the effectiveness of its security controls.
Multiuser	Compliant	The system is designed to have different profiles with different roles and actions. For instance, a certain user just has read privileges or can access the report module.
Donor Evaluation	Not Compliant	-
History Database	Compliant	Since 2013 the data is being populated into the system with same standards

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[1] *daneckhardt@gmail.com , ** adrianaleiras@puc-rio.br