Individual characteristics |
Gender |
Ali, Fleisher, & Erickson, 2016; Case & Stewart, 2013Case, K. A. & Stewart, B. (2013). Intervention Effectiveness in Reducing Prejudice Against Transsexuals. Journal of LGBT Youth, 10(1/2), 140-158.; Dierckx, Motmans, & Meier, 2014Dierckx, M., Motmans, J., & Meier, P. (2014). Beyond the box. Mesure d’attitudes en matière de sexisme, d’homophobie et de transphobie. Bruxelles: Institut pour l’égalité des femmes et des hommes.; Gazzola & Morrison, 2014Gazzola, S. B. & Morrison, M. A. (2014). Cultural and Personally Endorsed Stereotypes of Transgender Men and Transgender Women: Notable Correspondence or Disjunction? International Journal of Transgenderism, 15(2), 76-99.; Gerhardstein & Anderson, 2010Gerhardstein, K. R. & Anderson, V. N. (2010). There’s more than meets the eye: Facial appearance and evaluations of transsexual people. Sex Roles, 62(5/6), 361-373.; Grigoropoulos & Kordoutis, 2015Grigoropoulos, I. & Kordoutis, P. (2015). Social Factors Affecting Antitransgender Sentiment in a Sample of Greek Undergraduate Students. International Journal of Sexual Health, 27(3), 276-285.; Hill & Willoughby, 2005Hill, D. B. & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2005). The development and validation of the genderism and transphobia scale. Sex Roles, 53(7/8), 531-544.; Huffaker & Kwon, 2016Huffaker, L. & Kwon, P. (2016). A comprehensive approach to sexual and transgender prejudice. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services , 28(3), 195-213.; King, Winter, & Webster, 2009Winter, S. (2009). Lost in transition: Transpeople, transprejudice and pathology in Asia. International Journal of Human Rights, 13(2/3), 365-390.; Nagoshi et al., 2008Nagoshi, J. L., Adams, K. A., Terrell, H. K., Hill, E. D., Brzuzy, S., & Nagoshi, C. T. (2008). Gender differences in correlates of homophobia and transphobia. Sex Roles , 59(7/8), 521-531.; Norton & Herek, 2013Norton, A. T. & Herek, G. M. (2013). Heterosexuals’ Attitudes Toward Transgender People: Findings from a National Probability Sample of U.S. Adults. Sex Roles , 68(11/12), 738-753.; Páez, Hevia, Pesci, & Rabbia, 2015Páez, J., Hevia, G., Pesci, F., & Rabbia, H. H. (2015). Construcción y validación de una escala de actitudes negativas hacia personas trans. Revista de Psicología, 33(1), 151-188.; E. N. Tebbe & Moradi, 2012Tebbe, E. N. & Moradi, B. (2012). Anti-transgender prejudice: a structural equation model of associated constructs. Journal of Counseling Psychology , 59(2), 251-261.; Tee & Hegarty, 2006Tee, N. & Hegarty, P. (2006). Predicting opposition to the civil rights of trans persons in the United Kingdom. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 16(1), 70-80.; Walch, Ngamake, Francisco, Stitt, & Shingler, 2012Walch, S. E., Ngamake, S. T., Francisco, J., Stitt, R. L., & Shingler, K. A. (2012). The attitudes toward transgendered individuals scale: Psychometric properties. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(5), 1283-1291.; Warriner, Nagoshi, & Nagoshi, 2013Warriner, K., Nagoshi, C. T., & Nagoshi, J. L. (2013). Correlates of Homophobia, Transphobia, and Internalized Homophobia in Gay or Lesbian and Heterosexual Samples. Journal of Homosexuality, 60(9), 1297-1314.; Willoughby et al., 2010; Worthen, 2016Worthen, M. G. F. (2016). Hetero-cis-normativity and the gendering of transphobia. International Journal of Transgenderism , 17(1), 31-57. |
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Sexual orientation |
Ali et al., 2016; Case & Stewart, 2013Case, K. A. & Stewart, B. (2013). Intervention Effectiveness in Reducing Prejudice Against Transsexuals. Journal of LGBT Youth, 10(1/2), 140-158.; Dierckx et al., 2014Dierckx, M., Motmans, J., & Meier, P. (2014). Beyond the box. Mesure d’attitudes en matière de sexisme, d’homophobie et de transphobie. Bruxelles: Institut pour l’égalité des femmes et des hommes.; Páez et al., 2015Páez, J., Hevia, G., Pesci, F., & Rabbia, H. H. (2015). Construcción y validación de una escala de actitudes negativas hacia personas trans. Revista de Psicología, 33(1), 151-188.; Tee & Hegarty, 2006Tee, N. & Hegarty, P. (2006). Predicting opposition to the civil rights of trans persons in the United Kingdom. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 16(1), 70-80.; Warriner et al., 2013Warriner, K., Nagoshi, C. T., & Nagoshi, J. L. (2013). Correlates of Homophobia, Transphobia, and Internalized Homophobia in Gay or Lesbian and Heterosexual Samples. Journal of Homosexuality, 60(9), 1297-1314.; Willoughby et al., 2010Willoughby, B. L. B., Hill, D. B., Gonzalez, C. A., Lacorazza, A., Macapagal, R. A., Barton, M. E., & Doty, N. D. (2010). Who hates Gender outlaws? A multisite and multinational evaluation of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale. International Journal of Transgenderism , 12(4), 254-271.; Worthen, 2016Worthen, M. G. F. (2016). Hetero-cis-normativity and the gendering of transphobia. International Journal of Transgenderism , 17(1), 31-57. |
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Religiosity/religious fundamentalism |
Ali et al., 2016; Dierckx et al., 2014Dierckx, M., Motmans, J., & Meier, P. (2014). Beyond the box. Mesure d’attitudes en matière de sexisme, d’homophobie et de transphobie. Bruxelles: Institut pour l’égalité des femmes et des hommes.; Grigoropoulos & Kordoutis, 2015Grigoropoulos, I. & Kordoutis, P. (2015). Social Factors Affecting Antitransgender Sentiment in a Sample of Greek Undergraduate Students. International Journal of Sexual Health, 27(3), 276-285.; Huffaker & Kwon, 2016Huffaker, L. & Kwon, P. (2016). A comprehensive approach to sexual and transgender prejudice. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services , 28(3), 195-213.; King et al., 2009King, M. E., Winter, S., & Webster, B. (2009). Contact reduces transprejudice: A study on attitudes towards transgenderism and transgender civil rights in Hong Kong. International Journal of Sexual Health , 21(1), 17-34.; Nagoshi et al., 2008Nagoshi, J. L., Adams, K. A., Terrell, H. K., Hill, E. D., Brzuzy, S., & Nagoshi, C. T. (2008). Gender differences in correlates of homophobia and transphobia. Sex Roles , 59(7/8), 521-531.; Páez et al., 2015Páez, J., Hevia, G., Pesci, F., & Rabbia, H. H. (2015). Construcción y validación de una escala de actitudes negativas hacia personas trans. Revista de Psicología, 33(1), 151-188.; Tee & Hegarty, 2006Tee, N. & Hegarty, P. (2006). Predicting opposition to the civil rights of trans persons in the United Kingdom. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 16(1), 70-80.; Warriner et al., 2013Warriner, K., Nagoshi, C. T., & Nagoshi, J. L. (2013). Correlates of Homophobia, Transphobia, and Internalized Homophobia in Gay or Lesbian and Heterosexual Samples. Journal of Homosexuality, 60(9), 1297-1314.; Willoughby et al., 2010Willoughby, B. L. B., Hill, D. B., Gonzalez, C. A., Lacorazza, A., Macapagal, R. A., Barton, M. E., & Doty, N. D. (2010). Who hates Gender outlaws? A multisite and multinational evaluation of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale. International Journal of Transgenderism , 12(4), 254-271. |
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Age |
Case & Stewart, 2013Case, K. A. & Stewart, B. (2013). Intervention Effectiveness in Reducing Prejudice Against Transsexuals. Journal of LGBT Youth, 10(1/2), 140-158.; Dierckx et al., 2014Dierckx, M., Motmans, J., & Meier, P. (2014). Beyond the box. Mesure d’attitudes en matière de sexisme, d’homophobie et de transphobie. Bruxelles: Institut pour l’égalité des femmes et des hommes.; King et al., 2009King, M. E., Winter, S., & Webster, B. (2009). Contact reduces transprejudice: A study on attitudes towards transgenderism and transgender civil rights in Hong Kong. International Journal of Sexual Health , 21(1), 17-34.
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Educational level |
Dierckx et al., 2014Dierckx, M., Motmans, J., & Meier, P. (2014). Beyond the box. Mesure d’attitudes en matière de sexisme, d’homophobie et de transphobie. Bruxelles: Institut pour l’égalité des femmes et des hommes.; Huffaker & Kwon, 2016Huffaker, L. & Kwon, P. (2016). A comprehensive approach to sexual and transgender prejudice. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services , 28(3), 195-213.; King et al., 2009King, M. E., Winter, S., & Webster, B. (2009). Contact reduces transprejudice: A study on attitudes towards transgenderism and transgender civil rights in Hong Kong. International Journal of Sexual Health , 21(1), 17-34.; Norton & Herek, 2013Norton, A. T. & Herek, G. M. (2013). Heterosexuals’ Attitudes Toward Transgender People: Findings from a National Probability Sample of U.S. Adults. Sex Roles , 68(11/12), 738-753.; Páez et al., 2015Páez, J., Hevia, G., Pesci, F., & Rabbia, H. H. (2015). Construcción y validación de una escala de actitudes negativas hacia personas trans. Revista de Psicología, 33(1), 151-188.
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Ethnicity/nationality |
Case & Stewart, 2013Case, K. A. & Stewart, B. (2013). Intervention Effectiveness in Reducing Prejudice Against Transsexuals. Journal of LGBT Youth, 10(1/2), 140-158.; Tee & Hegarty, 2006Tee, N. & Hegarty, P. (2006). Predicting opposition to the civil rights of trans persons in the United Kingdom. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 16(1), 70-80.
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Social dominance |
Dierckx et al., 2014Dierckx, M., Motmans, J., & Meier, P. (2014). Beyond the box. Mesure d’attitudes en matière de sexisme, d’homophobie et de transphobie. Bruxelles: Institut pour l’égalité des femmes et des hommes.; Huffaker & Kwon, 2016Huffaker, L. & Kwon, P. (2016). A comprehensive approach to sexual and transgender prejudice. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services , 28(3), 195-213.; Rojas, 2012; E. A. Tebbe et al., 2014Tebbe, E. A., Moradi, B., & Ege, E. (2014). Revised and abbreviated forms of the genderism and transphobia scale: Tools for assessing anti-trans* prejudice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(4), 581-592.b; E. N. Tebbe & Moradi, 2012 |
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Right-wing authoritarianism / political conservatism |
Ali et al., 2016; Grigoropoulos & Kordoutis, 2015Grigoropoulos, I. & Kordoutis, P. (2015). Social Factors Affecting Antitransgender Sentiment in a Sample of Greek Undergraduate Students. International Journal of Sexual Health, 27(3), 276-285.; Huffaker & Kwon, 2016Huffaker, L. & Kwon, P. (2016). A comprehensive approach to sexual and transgender prejudice. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services , 28(3), 195-213., 2016; Nagoshi et al., 2008Nagoshi, J. L., Adams, K. A., Terrell, H. K., Hill, E. D., Brzuzy, S., & Nagoshi, C. T. (2008). Gender differences in correlates of homophobia and transphobia. Sex Roles , 59(7/8), 521-531.; Norton & Herek, 2013Norton, A. T. & Herek, G. M. (2013). Heterosexuals’ Attitudes Toward Transgender People: Findings from a National Probability Sample of U.S. Adults. Sex Roles , 68(11/12), 738-753., 2013; Rottenbacher de Rojas, 2012Rottenbacher Rojas, J. M. (2012). Conservadurismo político, homofobia y prejuicio hacia grupos transgénero en una muestra de estudiantes y egresados universitarios de Lima. Pensamiento Psicológico, 10(1), 23-37.; Tee & Hegarty, 2006Tee, N. & Hegarty, P. (2006). Predicting opposition to the civil rights of trans persons in the United Kingdom. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 16(1), 70-80.; Warriner et al., 2013Warriner, K., Nagoshi, C. T., & Nagoshi, J. L. (2013). Correlates of Homophobia, Transphobia, and Internalized Homophobia in Gay or Lesbian and Heterosexual Samples. Journal of Homosexuality, 60(9), 1297-1314.; Willoughby et al., 2010Willoughby, B. L. B., Hill, D. B., Gonzalez, C. A., Lacorazza, A., Macapagal, R. A., Barton, M. E., & Doty, N. D. (2010). Who hates Gender outlaws? A multisite and multinational evaluation of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale. International Journal of Transgenderism , 12(4), 254-271. |
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Tolerance to ambiguity |
Huffaker & Kwon, 2016Huffaker, L. & Kwon, P. (2016). A comprehensive approach to sexual and transgender prejudice. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services , 28(3), 195-213.; E. A. Tebbe et al., 2014Tebbe, E. A., Moradi, B., & Ege, E. (2014). Revised and abbreviated forms of the genderism and transphobia scale: Tools for assessing anti-trans* prejudice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(4), 581-592.b |
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Moral dogmatism |
Willoughby et al., 2010Willoughby, B. L. B., Hill, D. B., Gonzalez, C. A., Lacorazza, A., Macapagal, R. A., Barton, M. E., & Doty, N. D. (2010). Who hates Gender outlaws? A multisite and multinational evaluation of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale. International Journal of Transgenderism , 12(4), 254-271.
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Self-esteem |
Hill & Willoughby, 2005Hill, D. B. & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2005). The development and validation of the genderism and transphobia scale. Sex Roles, 53(7/8), 531-544.; Willoughby et al., 2010 |
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Aggression proneness |
Tebbe et al., 2014Tebbe, E. A., Moradi, B., & Ege, E. (2014). Revised and abbreviated forms of the genderism and transphobia scale: Tools for assessing anti-trans* prejudice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(4), 581-592.b; Warriner et al., 2013Warriner, K., Nagoshi, C. T., & Nagoshi, J. L. (2013). Correlates of Homophobia, Transphobia, and Internalized Homophobia in Gay or Lesbian and Heterosexual Samples. Journal of Homosexuality, 60(9), 1297-1314.
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Factors external to individual |
Contact with trans people |
Hill & Willoughby, 2005Hill, D. B. & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2005). The development and validation of the genderism and transphobia scale. Sex Roles, 53(7/8), 531-544.; Huffaker & Kwon, 2016Huffaker, L. & Kwon, P. (2016). A comprehensive approach to sexual and transgender prejudice. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services , 28(3), 195-213.; King et al., 2009King, M. E., Winter, S., & Webster, B. (2009). Contact reduces transprejudice: A study on attitudes towards transgenderism and transgender civil rights in Hong Kong. International Journal of Sexual Health , 21(1), 17-34.; Norton & Herek, 2013Norton, A. T. & Herek, G. M. (2013). Heterosexuals’ Attitudes Toward Transgender People: Findings from a National Probability Sample of U.S. Adults. Sex Roles , 68(11/12), 738-753.; Tee & Hegarty, 2006Tee, N. & Hegarty, P. (2006). Predicting opposition to the civil rights of trans persons in the United Kingdom. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 16(1), 70-80.; Walch, Sinkkanen, et al., 2012Walch, S. E., Sinkkanen, K. A., Swain, E. M., Francisco, J., Breaux, C. A., & Sjoberg, M. D. (2012). Using Intergroup Contact Theory to Reduce Stigma Against Transgender Individuals: Impact of a Transgender Speaker Panel Presentation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(10), 2583-2605.; Willoughby et al., 2010 |
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Information about trans people |
Broockman & Kalla, 2016Broockman, D. & Kalla, J. (2016). Durably reducing transphobia: A field experiment on door-to-door canvassing. Science, 352(6282), 220-224.; Case & Stewart, 2013Case, K. A. & Stewart, B. (2013). Intervention Effectiveness in Reducing Prejudice Against Transsexuals. Journal of LGBT Youth, 10(1/2), 140-158.; Huffaker & Kwon, 2016Huffaker, L. & Kwon, P. (2016). A comprehensive approach to sexual and transgender prejudice. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services , 28(3), 195-213.; Willoughby et al., 2010Willoughby, B. L. B., Hill, D. B., Gonzalez, C. A., Lacorazza, A., Macapagal, R. A., Barton, M. E., & Doty, N. D. (2010). Who hates Gender outlaws? A multisite and multinational evaluation of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale. International Journal of Transgenderism , 12(4), 254-271.
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Adherence to other prejudices |
Homophobia/ sexual prejudice |
Grigoropoulos & Kordoutis, 2015Grigoropoulos, I. & Kordoutis, P. (2015). Social Factors Affecting Antitransgender Sentiment in a Sample of Greek Undergraduate Students. International Journal of Sexual Health, 27(3), 276-285.; Hill & Willoughby, 2005Hill, D. B. & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2005). The development and validation of the genderism and transphobia scale. Sex Roles, 53(7/8), 531-544.; Nagoshi et al., 2008Nagoshi, J. L., Adams, K. A., Terrell, H. K., Hill, E. D., Brzuzy, S., & Nagoshi, C. T. (2008). Gender differences in correlates of homophobia and transphobia. Sex Roles , 59(7/8), 521-531.; Norton & Herek, 2013Norton, A. T. & Herek, G. M. (2013). Heterosexuals’ Attitudes Toward Transgender People: Findings from a National Probability Sample of U.S. Adults. Sex Roles , 68(11/12), 738-753.; Rottenbacher de Rojas, 2012; E. A. Tebbe et al., 2014Tebbe, E. A., Moradi, B., & Ege, E. (2014). Revised and abbreviated forms of the genderism and transphobia scale: Tools for assessing anti-trans* prejudice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(4), 581-592.; E. N. Tebbe & Moradi, 2012; Tee & Hegarty, 2006Tee, N. & Hegarty, P. (2006). Predicting opposition to the civil rights of trans persons in the United Kingdom. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 16(1), 70-80.; Willoughby et al., 2010; Worthen, 2016Worthen, M. G. F. (2016). Hetero-cis-normativity and the gendering of transphobia. International Journal of Transgenderism , 17(1), 31-57. |
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Modern/hostile sexism |
Nagoshi et al., 2008Nagoshi, J. L., Adams, K. A., Terrell, H. K., Hill, E. D., Brzuzy, S., & Nagoshi, C. T. (2008). Gender differences in correlates of homophobia and transphobia. Sex Roles , 59(7/8), 521-531.; E. A. Tebbe et al., 2014Tebbe, E. A., Moradi, B., & Ege, E. (2014). Revised and abbreviated forms of the genderism and transphobia scale: Tools for assessing anti-trans* prejudice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(4), 581-592.b; Tee & Hegarty, 2006Tee, N. & Hegarty, P. (2006). Predicting opposition to the civil rights of trans persons in the United Kingdom. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 16(1), 70-80.; Warriner et al., 2013Warriner, K., Nagoshi, C. T., & Nagoshi, J. L. (2013). Correlates of Homophobia, Transphobia, and Internalized Homophobia in Gay or Lesbian and Heterosexual Samples. Journal of Homosexuality, 60(9), 1297-1314.
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Beliefs about gender |
Norton & Herek, 2013Norton, A. T. & Herek, G. M. (2013). Heterosexuals’ Attitudes Toward Transgender People: Findings from a National Probability Sample of U.S. Adults. Sex Roles , 68(11/12), 738-753.; Tee & Hegarty, 2006Tee, N. & Hegarty, P. (2006). Predicting opposition to the civil rights of trans persons in the United Kingdom. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 16(1), 70-80.
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Beliefs on traditional gender roles |
Hill & Willoughby, 2005Hill, D. B. & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2005). The development and validation of the genderism and transphobia scale. Sex Roles, 53(7/8), 531-544.; E. N. Tebbe & Moradi, 2012Tebbe, E. N. & Moradi, B. (2012). Anti-transgender prejudice: a structural equation model of associated constructs. Journal of Counseling Psychology , 59(2), 251-261.; Willoughby et al., 2010 |