Over-Indebtedness Protection and Risk Scale: Construction and Validity Evidence

Machado, Ana Cláudia Almeida; Seidl, Eliane Maria Fleury; Andrade, Josemberg Moura de

doi:10.1590/0102.3772e40503.en

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Social, Work and Organizations Psychology • Psic.: Teor. e Pesq. 40 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e40503.en copy

Over-Indebtedness Protection and Risk Scale: Construction and Validity Evidence

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study aims to present evidence for the validity of the Over-indebtedness Protection and Risk Scale (OPRIS). The instrument was constructed to assess attitudinal aspects (behavioral, cognitive, and affective) that prevent or encourage over-indebtedness, considered a serious social problem. Four hundred and forty-four adults participated in the online version. Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed the presence of two factors: protection against over-indebtedness (13 items) and risk of over-indebtedness (21 items), with good levels of adjustment. Criterion validity showed that both factors differentiated groups in terms of self-perceived stress, financial concern, presence/absence of debt, and consumption profile. OPRIS is considered to have the potential to help formulate public policies aimed at addressing the phenomenon of over-indebtedness.

Keywords:
consumption; over-indebtedness; factor analysis; evidence of validity.

Items	Factors		h²
Items	1	2	h²
CB1. I feel an irresistible urge to shop.		.72	.54
CB2. I feel discomfort that only goes away when I shop.		.69	.48
CB3. I suspect I’m addicted to shopping.		.69	.50
IB1. I buy products without thinking about whether I need them.		.66	.50
CB4. I go out wanting to shop without knowing exactly what for.		.64	.42
IB2. I buy products I don’t need simply because they are on sale.		.63	.43
IB3. I often buy products the first time I see them.		.62	.25
SI1. My decision to buy is influenced by advertisements.		.60	.31
IB4. When I see a product that has appeared in the media, I don’t resist, and I buy it.		.59	.32
CB5. I often feel guilty after making a purchase.		.56	.35
CB6. I hide my purchases for fear of being criticized.		.56	.34
SI2. My decision to buy is influenced by social networks or other people.		.55	.26
IB5. I’m in the habit of buying similar products (of different colors, for example).		.53	.25
CB7. Friends and/or family members say I have shopping-related problems.		.52	.37
SI3. I like to please people with gifts that cost more than I should spend.		.47	.28
SI4. The way the salesperson assists me influences my decision to buy something unnecessary.		.41	.17
CB8. I often buy non-essential products using my overdraft or some other form of interest-bearing payment.		.40	.39
SI5. I have a hard time turning down financial favors.		.36	.14
SI6. I depend on the opinions of third parties to make financial decisions.		.33	.10
M1. My decision to buy considers the value (social status) that a product has for society.		.33	.10
M2. Possessions are the biggest sources of satisfaction in a person’s life.		.33	.10
FB1. I save to deal with unforeseen future events.	.90		.83
FB2. I save to handle financial setbacks caused by unexpected situations.	.81		.67
FB3. I spend less than I make.	.71		.52
FB4. I closely monitor my monthly expenses to avoid surprises at the end of the month.	.66		.46
FWB1. The financial choices I made in the past, allow me to enjoy life today.	.65		.47
FWB2. I have financial goals.	.65		.39
FWB3. I honor my financial obligations.	.58		.31
FWB4. I feel secure about my financial future.	.51		.31
FB5. I often postpone a purchase to get discounts or avoid paying interest.	.43		.19
BM1. It’s important to closely track monthly expenses to avoid surprises at the end of the month.	.40		.14
BM2. It’s important to save to deal with the unexpected.	.39		.14
FB6. I can’t save because I earn so little.	-.35		.16
BM3. It’s important to plan before buying, to pay in cash and receive a discount.	.34		.10
Number of items	13	21
% of variance explained	21.88	10.36
Cronbach’s alpha	.84	.89
Composite reliability	.85	.89

Protection from Over-indebtedness
Variables	M	SD	Mdn	M Rank	U/H
Overdue debt
No (n = 339)	4.31	.58	4.31	258.74	U=5511.50*
Yes (n = 105)	3.23	.64	3.23	105.49	U=5511.50*
Perceived financial stress
Very low or none (n = 187)	4.24	.59	4.31	276.07	H=85.55*
Moderate (n = 153)	3.95	.66	4.08	219.12
High/extremely high (n= 104)	3.44	.67	3.38	131.14
Concern with the Current Financial Situation
High/extremely high (n = 104)	3.44	.67	3.38	131.14	H=109.50*
Unconcerned (n = 164)	4.34	.53	4.46	296.73
Concerned (n = 225)	3.84	.65	3.92	196.93
Extremely concerned (n = 55)	3.26	.67	3.23	105.75
Risk of Over-indebtedness
Variable	M	SD	*Mdn*	*M Rank*	*U/H*
Overdue debt
No (n = 339)	1.71	.53	1.71	212.70	U=14476.5*
Yes (n = 105)	1.90	.77	1.90	254.13	U=14476.5*
Perceived financial stress
Very low or none (n = 187)	1.74	.52	1.62	194.47	H=21.84*
Moderate (n = 153)	1.87	.56	1.81	226.20
High/extremely high (n=104)	2.13	.73	2.00	267.46
Concern with the Current Financial Situation
Unconcerned (n = 164)	1.76	.53	1.64	199.08	H=14.07*
Concerned (n = 225)	1.88	.65	1.76	247.91
Extremely concerned (n = 55)	2.16	.67	2.00	272.25

Over-indebtedness Protection
Consumption profile	M (SD)	Mdn	M Rank	H
1. I spend more than I earn, have overdue debts, and have difficulty honoring my financial obligations (n = 13).	2.80 (.50)	2.85	46.04	226.44*
2. I spend more than I earn and have overdue debts I will not be able to pay off in the future (n = 51).	3.08 (.54)	3.15	75.07
3. I can meet most of my financial obligations on time, but if I suffer any sort of unforeseen expense, default is certain (n = 61).	3.43 (.55)	3.43	121.57
4. I pay my bills on time, I spend only what I earn (or a little less), but I don’t usually save money every month (n = 116).	3.91 (.57)	3.96	206.78
5. I spend less than I earn and can save money monthly (n = 203).	4.42 (.39)	4.46	310.15
Over-indebtedness Risk
Consumption profile	*M (SD)*	*Mdn*	*M Rank*	H
1. I spend more than I earn, have overdue debts, and have difficulty honoring my financial obligations (n= 13).	2.31 (.71)	2.10	303.35	32,53*
2. I spend more than I earn and have overdue debts I will not be able to pay off in the future (n= 51).	2.14 (.77)	2.14	268.68
3. I can meet most of my financial obligations on time, but if I suffer any sort of unforeseen expense, default is certain (n= 61).	2.10 (.67)	1.95	265.55
4. I pay my bills on time and spend only what I earn (or a little less), but don’t usually save money every month (n= 116).	1.90 (.62)	1.81	228.63
5. I spend less than I earn and can save monthly (n= 203).	1.70 (.45)	1.62	189.28

Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 - Brasília - DF - Brazil, Tel./Fax: (061) 274-6455 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
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[1] Corresponding author
Ana Cláudia Almeida Machado naclau@gmail.com