Sociodemographic and Behavioral factors associated with Psychological Well-Being in a Brazilian Academic Community during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Paula, Gessner Bravo de; Martins, Alberto Mesaque; Soares, Ana Karla Silva; Rodrigues, Luiz Felipe Faria; Baptista, Cremildo João

doi:10.1590/0102.3772e40506.en

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Social, Work and Organizations Psychology • Psic.: Teor. e Pesq. 40 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e40506.en copy

Sociodemographic and Behavioral factors associated with Psychological Well-Being in a Brazilian Academic Community during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study aimed to identify sociodemographic and behavioral factors associated with the psychological well-being of university students at two distinct moments during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is an observational study with a cross-sectional design and convenience sampling, involving 2,808 university students who responded to a virtual form. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson's chi-square test, multiple binomial logistic regression with a significance level of 5%), after conducting normality tests. The results suggest negative impacts of the pandemic on the mental health of university students. A history of previous psychiatric alterations, having children, and having experienced financial difficulties were among the factors that contributed to the maintenance of some dimensions of psychological well-being.

Keywords:
COVID-19; Mental Health; Universities; Health Psychology

Variables		1st Moment	2nd Moment
Variables		n (%)	n (%)
Sex	Male	425 (32.5%)	912 (60.8%)
	Female	878 (67.1%)	587 (39.2%)
	Other	06 (0.5%)	--
Age	18 to 19 years	214 (16.3%)	101 (6.7%)
	20 to 24 years	674 (51.5%)	753 (50.2%)
	25 to 29 years	190 (14.5%)	279 (18.6%)
	Over 30 years	231 (16.7%)	366 (24.5%)
Marital status	Married, common-law marriage, and others	251 (19.2%)	393 (26.2%)
Marital status	Single and others	1058 (80.8%)	1106 (73.8%)
Children	Yes	192 (14.7%)	293 (19.5%)
Children	No	1117 (85.3%)	1206 (80.5%)
Race/Skin color	Black	557 (42.6%)	671 (44.8%)
	White	691 (52.8)	769 (51.3%)
	Indigenous	16 (1.2%)	18 (1.2%)
	Yellow	45 (3.4%)	41 (2.7%)
Religion	Yes	861 (65.8%)	977 (65.2%)
Religion	No	448 (34.2%)	522 (34.8%)
Internet access	Yes	1252 (95.6%)	1454 (97%)
Internet access	No	57 (4.4%)	45 (3.0%)
Frequency of social interactions before isolation	<3x per week	33 (2.5%)	216 (14.4%)
Frequency of social interactions before isolation	≥3x per week	1276 (97.5%)	1283 (85.6%)
Frequency of social interactions during isolation	<3x per week	755 (57.7%)	1236 (82.5%)
Frequency of social interactions during isolation	≥3x per week	554 (42.3%)	263 (17.5%)
Drug use?	Yes	632 (48.3%)	714 (47.6%)
Drug use?	No	677 (51.7%)	785 (52.4%)
Self-perceived emotional state	Same	348 (26.6%)	490 (32.7%)
	Better	90 (6.9%)	95 (6.3%)
	Worse	854 (65.2%)	914 (61.0%)
	Other Answers	17 (1.3%)	--
Use of psychotropic medications?	Yes	371 (28.3%)	436 (29.1%)
Use of psychotropic medications?	No	938 (71.7%)	1063 (70.9%)

Variables	1st Moment		2nd Moment
Variables	Mean	Standard Deviation	Mean	Standard Deviation
Positive Relations	3.86	1.07	4.20	1.02
Autonomy	3.90	1.01	4.09	0.96
Environmental Mastery	3.23	1.22	3.52	1.26
Personal Growth	5.14	0.77	5.24	0.87
Purpose in Life	4.20	1.18	4.35	1.23
Self-Acceptance	3.90	1.28	4.04	1.35

Independent variables	Self-Acceptance		Autonomy		Personal Growth		Environmental Mastery		Purpose in Life		Positive Relations with Others
Independent variables	O.R	p	O.R	p	O.R	p	O.R	p	O.R	p	O.R	p
Drug use? (Yes)	0.755	.025	--	--	--	--	0.562	.000	0.684	.004	--	--
Use of psychotropic medications? (Yes)	0.708	.015	--	--	--	--	--	--	0.745	.042	--	--
Self-perceived emotional state: Worse=0 Same=1 Better=2 Other=3	0.364	.000³	0.530	.000³	--	--	--	--	0.568	.043¹	--	--
	0.364	.000³	0.532	.012¹	--	--	--	--	0.337	.000³	--	--
Had previous psychiatric alterations? (Yes)	0.462	.000	0.641	.000	0.476	.001	2.574	<.001	0.582	.000	0.543	.000
Have children? (Yes)	2.278	.000	1.559	.009	2.011	.064	1.569	.010	--	--	1.769	.001
Sex (male)	1.500	.003	--	--	--	--	1.484	.004	--	--	--	--
Experienced financial difficulties? (Yes)	0.701	.010	--	--	0.506	.003	--	--	0.766	.058	0.758	.033
Use of social media to reduce the feeling of isolation? (Yes)	1.642	.025	--	--	2.327	.004	--	--	2.340	.000	--	--
Lives: Alone=0 Friends/Fraternity/Sorority and the likes=1 Partner and/or family members=2	**	.030⁰	1.675	.011¹	--	--	1.713	.039¹	1.689	.031²	--	--
	**	.030⁰	1.352	.023²	--	--	2.038	.014²	1.689	.031²	--	--
Miss social contact? (Yes)	--	--	0.688	.016	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--
Fear of being infected High fear=2 None or little=1	--	--	1.378	.031¹	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--
Receives grant/aid? (Yes)	--	--	1.352	.023	--	--	--	--	1.428	.020	--	--
Frequency of social interactions before isolation (≥3x per week)	--	--	--	--	2.555	.073	--	--	--	--	3.275	.005
Frequency of social interactions during isolation (≥3x per week)	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	1.251	.054
Had to move to study at UFMS? (Yes)	--	--	--	--	1.671	.040	--	--	--	--	0.807	.078
Maintains social isolation measures? (Yes)	--	--	--	--	3.341	.002	--	--	--	--	--	--
Has a religion? (Yes)	--	--	--	--	--	--	1.454	.011	2.067	.000	--	--
Felt any COVID-19 symptoms? (Yes)	--	--	--	--	--	--	0.515	.001	0.692	.022	0.639	.004
Occupation: Just study=0 Studies and works=1	--	--	--	--	--	--	1.339	.036¹	1.394	.018¹	--	--
Race/Skin color: Black=0 Yellow=1 White=2 Indigenous=3	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	12.846	.021²	--	--
Engaged in home-based activity? (Yes)	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	1.350	.036	--	--

Independent variables	Self-Acceptance		Autonomy		Personal Growth		Environmental Mastery		Purpose in Life		Positive Relations with Others
Independent variables	O.R	p	O.R	p	O.R	p	O.R	p	O.R	p	O.R	p
Drug use? (Yes)	--	--	--	--	--	--	0.750	.016	--	--	--	--
Marital status (Single)	--	--	0.658	.005	--	--	0.587	.000	0.626	.016	0.743	.047
COVID-19 Risk Group? (Yes)	--	--	0.788	.069	0.570	.031	0.690	.005	0.587	.000
Use of psychotropic medications? (Yes)	0.761	.057	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--
Mood alterations? (Yes)	0.507	.000	0.668	.001	--	--	0.517	.000	0.569	.000	0.625	<.001
Experienced domestic violence? (Yes)	0.691	.059	--	--	0.363	.001	--	--	0.676	.053	--	--
Feels well informed about the pandemic? (Yes)	0.689	.018	0.677	.010	0.309	.000	--	--	0.560	.000	0.669	.043
Self-perceived emotional state: Same=0 Better=1 Worse=2	0.412	.000²	0.556	.000²	--	--	0.356	.000²	0.485	.000²	0.666	.007²
Academic performance during isolation? Same=0 Better=1 Worse=2	0.635	.006²	--	--	--	--	0.399	.000²	0.564	.002²	--	--
Religion (Yes)	1.548	.001	--	--	--	--	--	--	1.791	.000	1.282	.055
Time at UFMS (More than 11 months)	0.730	.082	--	--	--	--	--	--	0.669	.043	--	--
Race/Skin color Yellow=0 White=1 Indigenous=2 Black=3	--	--	0.635	.006²	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--
Race/Skin color Yellow=0 White=1 Indigenous=2 Black=3	--	--	1.984	.055³	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--
Fear of being infected? Some=0 A lot=1 None=2 Little=3	0.719	.017¹	--	--	--	--	1.571	.017³	--	--	--	--
Children (yes)	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	1.622	.033
Sex (male)	--	--	0.719	.012	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--
Experienced financial difficulties? (Yes)	0.566	.000	--	--	--	--	0.708	.008	0.773	.072	--	--
Use of social media to reduce the feeling of isolation? (Yes)	1.881	.002	--	--	0.677	.011	--	--	1.826	.004	1.649	.010
Miss social contact? (Yes)	--	--	0.691	.037	--	--	--	--	--	--	1.419	.033
Receives grant/aid? (Yes)	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	1.590	.010	--	--
Frequency of social interactions before isolation (≥3x/week)	0.677	.024	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--
Frequency of social interactions during isolation (≥3x/week)	1.387	.053	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	1.473	.027
Maintains social isolation measures? (Yes)	--	--	--	--	--	--	2.408	.003	--	--	--	--
Felt any COVID-19 symptoms? (Yes)	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	0.716	.016	--	--

Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 - Brasília - DF - Brazil, Tel./Fax: (061) 274-6455 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
E-mail: revistaptp@gmail.com

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[1] Corresponding author
Gessner Bravo de Paula gessnerstyle09@gmail.com