Meanings of Retirement: A Scoping Review

Amorim, Silvia Miranda; Oliveira, Adalgisa Pinheiro Santiago de; Vasconcelos, André Luiz Rodrigues

doi:10.1590/1413-8271202429e270360

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Research report • Psico-USF 29 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-8271202429e270360 copy

Meanings of Retirement: A Scoping Review

Significados da Aposentadoria: Uma Revisão de Escopo

Significados de la Jubilación: Una Revisión del Alcance

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Retirement is a central phenomenon in our society, and it is essential to know its current meanings. This article mapped and analyzed the studies about the meanings of retirement through a scoping review based on the PRISMA guidelines. Considering the eligibility criteria and search strategies, 3,904 results were analyzed, with 39 empirical scientific articles being selected. Analyses of publication data and their results demonstrated a wide variety of investigated concepts and some methodological trends, generally with a qualitative approach. Although most studies address the construct in two dimensions (positive and negative), more complex approaches are discussed. A model of meanings with five dimensions was presented (exploring new horizons, absence and search for meaning, contributing on your own way, time to relax, and acquisition of rights), which must be analyzed considering five other groups of influences (individual differences and resources, contextual, job, and situational factors). The study advances theoretically, although future improvements are required.

Keywords:
Retirement; Meanings; Life Experiences; Revision

	Author (Year) (Country)	Construct	Group (n)	Design (Data collect)	Results
1	Aguilera-Velasco et al., (2020Aguilera-Velasco, M. D. A., Acosta-Fernandez, M., & Garcia-Franco, J. H. (2020). Efecto del cine en el significado cultural del concepto jubilación en un grupo de jubilados agremiados [Effect of cinema on the cultural significance of the concept retirement in a group of joined retirees]. Revista Colombiana de Salud Ocupacional, 10(1), 6434-6434. https://doi.org/10.18041/2322-634x/rcso.1.2020.6434 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18041... ) (Colombia)	Cultural meaning	Retirees (22)	Experimental, qualitative intervention (Free Association)	Before the intervention, participants defined retirement fundamentally as rest. Afterwards, it was defined mainly as joy.
2	Andrade & Torres (2020Andrade, L., & Torres, C. (2020). Aposentadoria e Atribuição de Significado: Um Estudo com Trabalhadores Ativos no Brasil [Retirement and Meaning Attribution: A study with Active Workers in Brazil]. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 36, e3652-e3652. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e3652 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/... ) (Brazil)	Meanings	Active workers (275)	Instrument construction, quantitative (Questionnaire)	The instrument was composed of four factors (General retirement expectations; mental health and self-care; regulation and self-efficacy, and Social insertion and recognition). Differences were found in gender, timing of retirement and race.
3	Antloga et al., (2017Antloga, C. S., Medeiros, S. N., Moreira, R., & Maia, M. (2017). O significado da aposentadoria para pessoas aposentadas de um órgão público [The meaning of retirement for retired people from a public body]. Trabalho (En)Cena, 2(1), 26-39. https://doi.org/10.20873/2526-1487v2n126 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20873... ) (Brazil)	Meanings	Retired servers (24)	Exploratory, qualitative (Interviews)	Positive meanings in relation to the perception of retirement, such as freedom and merit. The meanings of social perception indicate negative aspects such as inactivity, disability and old age.
4	Antunes et al., (2018Antunes, M. H., Soares, D. H. P., & Moré, C. L. O. O. (2018). O processo de desligamento laboral: vivências narradas por casais aposentados [The process of retiring: experiences narrated by retired couples]. Estudos e Pesquisas em Psicologia, 8(3), 793-811. https://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/index.php/revispsi/article/view/40449/28246 https://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/index.... ) (Brazil)	Experiences	Retired couples (6)	Exploratory, qualitative (Interviews)	Different conceptions and ideas, with the possibility of enjoying free time from work and expanding contact networks and family and social coexistence, in addition to reporting losses resulting from work termination and its consequences.
5	Árraga et al., (2014Árraga, M., Sánchez, M., Pirela, L. (2014). Significado de la jubilación en jubilados venezolanos, según género, edad y tipo de jubilación [The Meaning of Retirement for Venezuelan Retirees According to Gender, Age and Type of Retirement]. Espacio Abierto, 23(3), 535-554. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=12232258003 https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=1... ) (Venezuela)	Meanings	Adults (177)	Descriptive, quantitative (Questionnaire)	Retirement is fundamentally considered as rest, sharing and family, time away from work activities and free time for other activities. Those who retire by force attribute it more negatively.
6	Atchley (1974Atchley, R. C. (1974). The Meaning of Retirement. Journal of Communication, 24(4), 97-100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1974.tb00414.x https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/... ) (USA)	Meanings	Workers, retirees (557)	Descriptive, quantitative (Questionnaire)	Retirement has a very positive meaning in all four dimensions (activity, emotional evaluation, moral evaluation and physical power), except the activity dimension.
7	August (2011)August, R. A. (2011). Women’s retirement meanings: Context, changes, and organizational lessons. Gender in Management, 26(5), 351-366. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542411111154895 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/... (USA)	Meanings	Pre and retired women (14)	Longitudinal, qualitative (Interviews)	Retirement conceptualized as freedom and growth, a natural final phase, a frightening period due to losses and a culmination of fulfillment or relief. There were contextual influences from family, friends and profession, and changes over time and contexts.
8	Boehs & Silva, (2017Boehs, S. T. M., & Silva, N. (2017). Role of work, career, life satisfaction and adjustment in retirement. Revista Brasileira de Orientação Profissional , 18(2), 141-153. https://doi.org/10.26707/1984-7270/2017v18n2p141 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.26707... ) (Brazil)	Satisfaction	Retirees from a multinational (13)	Exploratory, qualitative (Interviews)	On the one hand, the meaning was seen as a period of enjoyment of what was built throughout life, on the other hand, some mentioned anguish related to the losses caused by leaving the company/work.
9	Bressan et al., (2013Bressan, M. A. L., Mafra, S. C. T., França, L. H., Melo, M. S., & Loretto, M. D. S. (2013). Bem-estar na aposentadoria: o que isto significa para os servidores públicos federais? [Retirement well-being: what does this mean to federal civil servants?]. Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia, 16(2), 259-272. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1809-98232013000200006 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/... ) (Brazil)	Well-being	University servers (33)	Exploratory, qualitative (Interviews)	Essential factors (health and finances), positive factors (education, relationships, health and cultural and leisure activities) and negative factors (loss of perspectives, financial security and lack of knowledge of the process) were mentioned.
10	Carvalho et al., (2021Carvalho, L., Rodrigues, M., Oliveira, A., & Heleno, M. (2021). Aposentadoria na perspectiva de trabalhadores do setor privado [Retirement from the perspective of private sector workers]. Mudanças - Psicologia Da Saúde, 29(1), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.15603/2176-1019/mud.v29n1p21-31 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15603... ) (Brazil)	Meanings of work	Workers (20)	Exploratory, qualitative (Interviews)	The most used terms were rest, health, leisure and duty accomplished. The expressions quality of life, time for family and health appear to refer to earnings and there is a sense of apprehension regarding medical insurance, coexistence with colleagues and finances.
11	Contzen et al., (2017Contzen, S., Zbinden, K., Neuenschwander, C., & Métrailler, M. (2017). Retirement as a Discrete Life-Stage of Farming Men and Women’s Biography? Sociologia Ruralis, 57, 730-751. https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12154 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/... ) (Switzerland)	Adaptation	Retirees and farmers (15)	Exploratory, qualitative (Interviews)	Farmers continue to dedicate time and energy to the farm for the sake of farm continuity and to maintain their work ethic, while passing on responsibility at the same time. Health and inability to contribute are major threats.
12	Costa (2022Costa, R. M. (2022). Representações sociais sobre aposentadoria em produtores rurais idosos de Diamantino-MT [Social representations about retirement in elderly rural producers from Diamantino - MT] . Recima21 - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.47820/recima21.v2i6.493 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47820... ) (Brazil)	Meanings	Elderly rural producers (28)	Exploratory, qualitative (Interviews)	The meaning in categories (Dignity, End of a cycle, Dishonor, Bureaucracy, Self-performance and Self-awareness). Low monetary value perceived as a lack of recognition, but which allows survival and access to services.
13	Davis & Cannava (1995) (Italy)	Beliefs, relationships and changes	Men and women (8)	Exploratory, qualitative (Interviews)	Emergence of an uncompromising lightness as aesthetic interconnections emerge. The findings were congruent with Parsee’s three major themes (meaning, rhythmicity, and transcendence) and support Parsee’s theory of human becoming.
14	Fudge (1998Fudge, E. (1998). Recently retired non-professional men and their perceptions of retirement. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 17(2), 90-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.1998.tb00041.x https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/... ) (Australia)	Meanings and interpretations	Retirees between 60 and 70 years old (10)	Exploratory, 1ualitative (Newspaper and Interviews)	Retirement as a time of freedom, of activities, of consolidating primary relationships and a space of your own.
15	Gettings & Anderson (2021Gettings, P. E., & Anderson, L. B. (2021). An Organizational Socialization Perspective on Young Adults’ Ideas About Retirement: Examining Sources of Retirement Information, Meanings of Retirement, and Source-Meaning Associations. Work, Aging and Retirement , 7(2), 90-106. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waaa019 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/... ) (USA)	Sources of information and meanings	Young adults (671 and 16)	Exploratory, Quantitative, qualitative (Questionnaire and interview)	In study 1, 13 different meanings were reported, with retirement being described as positive and negative, in fewer numbers. In study 2, conceptualizations were created in positive or negative terms.
16	Gibson et al., (2002Gibson, H., Ashton-Shaeffer, C., Green, J., & Corbin, J. (2002). Leisure and retirement: Women’s stories. Loisir et Societe, 25(2), 257-284. https://doi.org/10.1080/07053436.2002.10707589 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/... ) (USA)	Meanings	Women between 58 and 83 years old (24)	Exploratory, qualitative (Interviews)	Five topics associated with meaning (freedom, end of paid work, resistance, need to be useful and husband’s retirement). Some women built lives centered on service, while others felt entitled to leisure.
17	Grødem & Kitterød (2021Grødem, A. S., & Kitterød, R. H. (2021). Retirement anticipation - gendered patterns in a gender-equal society? a study of senior workers in Norway. Journal of Women and Aging, 00(00), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952841.2021.1944753 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/... ) (Norway)	Images	Workers between 50 and 61 years old (1249)	Cross-sectional, quantitative (Questionnaire)	Health and income are key determinants of men’s image, while partners and children are important for women.
18	Gvozd, Sakai & Haddad (2015Gvozd, R., Sakai, A. M., & Haddad, M. C. L. (2015). Feelings and Perspectives of Civil Servants From a Public University Facing Retirement. REME: Revista Mineira de Enfermagem, 19(1), 79-83. https://doi.org/10.5935/1415-2762.20150007 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5935/... ) (Brazil)	Activities developed, planning	Pre-retirees (82)	Exploratory, quantitative (Questionnaire)	Workers reported that it is a well-deserved rest and a natural process of life, expressing positive feelings, such as freedom and satisfaction, and negative feelings such as anxiety, fear, unhappiness and a lower pay than their current salary.
19	Hermida, Tartaglini, Stefani (2016Hermida, P. D., Tartaglini, M. F., & Stefani, D. (2016). Actitudes y significados acerca de la jubilación: un estudio comparativo de acuerdo al género en adultos mayores [Attitudes and meanings regarding retirement: a comparative study according to gender in older adults]. Liberabit: Revista Peruana de Psicología, 22(1), 57-66. https://doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2016.v22n1.05 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24265... ) (Argentina)	Adaptation of elderly people to retirement	Elderly (300)	Cross-sectional, quantitative (Questionnaire)	Women had more favorable attitudes and attributed a greater meaning to rest, beginning or continuity. Men had more unfavorable attitudes, which would indicate a more negative adaptation to retirement.
20	Karp (1989Karp, D. A. (1989). The Social Construction of Retirement Among Professionals 50’60 Years Old. Gerontologist ,29(6),750-760. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/29.6.750 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/... ) (USA)	Images	Older professionals (72)	Exploratory, qualitative (Interviews)	Those who have unfinished agendas at work, have high job satisfaction, perceive retirement as financially unfeasible, and maintain their health are less likely to anticipate retirement.
21	Kojola & Moen (2016Kojola, E., & Moen, P. (2016). No more lock-step retirement: Boomers’ shifting meanings of work and retirement. Journal of Aging Studies, 36, 59-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2015.12.003 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... ) (USA)	Meanings and motivations for work and retirement	People between 52 and 68 years old (28)	Exploratory, qualitative (Interviews)	There was no single pattern, but rather a diverse mix of paths shaped by occupational identities, finances, health, and perceptions. The desire to control time and find meaning and purpose, and gender and class constraints restricted decisions.
22	Loretto & Vickerstaff (2013Loretto, W., & Vickerstaff, S.(2013). The domestic and gendered context for retirement. Human Relations, 66(1), 65-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726712455832 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/... ) (England)	Timing, meaning, planning	Couples (57)	Exploratory, qualitative (Interviews)	Men focused on hobbies and interests, while women focused on caregiving and other domestic work, with many not feeling retired. For unemployed or economically inactive couples, retirement made no difference.
23	Loureiro et al., (2015Loureiro, H., et al. (2015). A perceção da transição para a aposentadoria na perspetiva dos participantes do Reativa [The perception of the retirement transitions on the Reativa participants perspective]. Revista Kairós: Gerontologia, 18, 65-79. https://doi.org/10.23925/2176-901X.2015v18iEspecial19p65-79 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23925... ) (Portugal)	Meaning -Perception of Transition	Retirees (180)	Exploratory, qualitative (Focal group)	Meanings related to continuity, readaptation, gains, losses and ambivalence (simultaneous perception of losses and gains).
24	Macêdo, Bendassolli & Torres (2017Macêdo, L. S. S., Bendassolli, P. F., & Torres, T. L. (2017). Representações sociais da aposentadoria e intenção de continuar trabalhando [Social representation of retirement and intention of continue working]. Psicologia & Sociedade, 29, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-0310/2017v29145010 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/... ) (Brazil)	Social representations	Older servers (283)	Exploratory and descriptive, qualitative (Questionnaire)	Five categories of representations (worker’s rights, deserved rest, idleness, new stage of life, and time to enjoy). Expansion of the cultural repertoire focused on the significance of this social object.
25	Machado & Lucas (2017Machado, C., & Lucas, M. (2017). Aposentadoria: como professores vivenciam este momento? [Retirement: How do teachers experience this moment?]. Recape: Revista de Carreiras Pessoas, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20503/recape.v7i2.32753 https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.205... ) (Brazil)	Implications of Retirement	Retired teachers (4)	Exploratory, qualitative (Interviews)	Positive points such as freedom, routine and flexible schedules, and negative points such as the absence of students. Retirement made it possible to enjoy moments of leisure, dedicating care to the family and fulfilling their desires.
26	Martins et al., (2014Martins, J., Bobroff, M. C. C., Ribeiro, R., Gaspar, S. de G., Basani, A. B., & Stanganelli, N. C. (2014). Aposentadoria: significados para profissionais de enfermagem [Retirement: meanings for nursing professionals]. Revista de Enfermagem UFPE, 8(5), 1323-1330. https://doi.org/10.5205/reuol.5863-50531-1-ED.0805201429 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5205/... ) (Brazil)	Meanings	Nursing professionals (13)	Exploratory, descriptive, qualitative (Interviews)	Five categories (initial feelings about retirement, opportunity to do what you like, feelings of uselessness and desire to return to work, feeling of duty accomplished, lack of preparation for retirement, and quality of life for retirees).
27	Marotz-Baden, Keating & Munro, (1995Marotz Baden, R., Keating, N. C., & Munro, B. (1995). Generational Differences in the Meaning of Retirement from Farming. In Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journa, 24(1), 29-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077727X950241003 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/... ) (USA and Canada)	Meanings	Retirees and agricultural workers (365 and 176)	Transversal, qualitative quantitative (Questionnaires and interviews)	The hypotheses related to the meaning of retirement as an exit from managerial responsibility (for the retired generation), and as an exit from property (for the younger generation) were confirmed. The older ones had a greater interest in the continuity of the family.
28	Moraes et al., (2019Moraes, J., Oliveira, F. B., Cezário, P. F., Batista, J. P., & Pinheiro, L. (2019). Docentes Universitários: Expectativas acerca da Aposentadoria [Teachers College: Expectations about Retirement]. ID on Line Revista de Psicologia, 13(47), 624-637. https://doi.org/10.14295/idonline.v13i47.2058 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14295... ) (Brazil)	Expectations	Professors (20)	Exploratory, qualitative (Interviews)	Most do not intend to retire but emphasize the positive aspects of retirement. Negative feelings were related to the inability to work, death, uselessness and disability. Concerns related to labor laws and rights were cited.
29	Moreira (2011Moreira, J. O. (2011). Imaginários sobre aposentadoria, trabalho, velhice: Estudo de caso com professores universitários [Work, retirement, old age: a case study with university professors]. Psicologia Em Estudo, 16(4), 541-550. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-73722011000400005 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/... ) (Brazil)	Imaginaries, meaning	Professors (6)	Case study, qualitative (Interviews)	Dissociation between retirement, old age and work. Retirement should not be understood as the end of professional activities, and old age was characterized when you are unable to accomplish what you want. Hesitation between rest or work.
30	Nascimento & Polia (2019Nascimento, P. D. M., & Polia, A. A. (2019). Planos para o futuro: uma análise da perspectiva ocupacional de professores universitários para o período da aposentadoria [Plans for the future: an analysis of the occupational perspective of professors for the retirement period]. Cadernos Brasileiros de Terapia Ocupacional, 27(2), 390-402. https://doi.org/10.4322/2526-8910.ctoao1647 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4322/... ) (Brazil)	Planning, decision and meaning	Professors (11)	Descriptive, exploratory, qualitative (Interviews)	The centrality of work stands out, and therefore retirement is associated with the feeling of loss of social role, status and also social ties. Most people understand retirement as a time to do what they enjoy.
31	Onyx & Benton (1996Onyx, J., & Benton, P. (1996). Retirement: A problematic concept for older women. Journal of Women and Aging , 8(2), 19-34. https://doi.org/10.1300/J074v08n02_03 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1300/... ) (Australia)	Meanings	Working women (50)	Exploratory, quantitative, qualitative (Questionnaires and interviews)	Most have not made plans for their retirement, and the fact that they have inadequate financial security means they are unable to leave paid employment. Women want a reduced emphasis on employment, but not job loss.
32	Padova & Lucas (2017Padova, F., & Lucas, M. G. (2017). O bem-estar na aposentadoria [The well-being in retirement]. Unoesc & Ciência - ACSA, 141-148. https://periodicos.unoesc.edu.br/acsa/article/view/13209 https://periodicos.unoesc.edu.br/acsa/ar... ) (Brazil)	Well-being	Retired men (5)	Descriptive, qualitative (Interviews)	When asked about the meaning of retirement, respondents reported positively.
33	Price (2000Price, C. (2000). Women and retirement: Relinquishing professional identity. Journal of Aging Studies , 14(1), 81-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-4065(00)80017-1 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... ) (USA)	Meanings	Retired women (14)	Exploratory, qualitative (Interviews)	A common theme experienced was identified: the sacrifice of professional identity after retirement, the loss of social contacts, the loss of professional challenges and the encounter with stereotypes during retirement.
34	Ramos, Cipolli, Lopes (2021Ramos, S., Cipolli, G., & Lopes, A. (2021). Significados de aposentadoria e perfil socioeconômico: Características de aposentados associados ao sindicato nacional dos aposentados, pensionistas e idosos da força sindical [Meanings of retirement and socioeconomic profile in Brazil: characteristics of retirees associated with National Union of Retirees, Pensioners and Older Adults of Union Force]. Trabalho (En)Cena , 4(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.20873/2526-1487e021020 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20873... ) (Brazil)	Meanings	Elderly (200)	Exploratory, quantitative (Questionnaire)	52.5% indicated retirement as positive and 45.5% as negative. Dissatisfaction with income and the expectation of support from representatives is highlighted.
35	Sargent et al., (2011Sargent, L., Bataille, C., Vough, H., & Lee, M.(2011). Metaphors for retirement: Unshackled from schedules. Journal of Vocational Behavior , 79(2), 315-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.03.002 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... ) (Canada)	Meanings	Retired executives (35)	Exploratory, qualitative (Interviews)	Four configurations of retirement (exploring new horizons, searching for meaning, contributing in your own way, and putting your feet up). Better understanding with a focus on the future and different types of work identities.
36	Silva & Helal (2017)Silva, A., & Helal, D. (2017). Compreendendo a aposentadoria: Um estudo de caso em uma instituição pública do Estado de Pernambuco [Understanding of retirement: A case study at a public institution of the State of Pernambuco]. REGE - Revista de Gestão, 24(4), 316-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rege.2017.07.003 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... (Brazil)	Perception	Older workers (7)	Exploratory, qualitative (interviews)	Two dimensions (retirement and remaining at work; and aging and ability to work). Negative ideas of aging, uselessness, loss of social ties, and death, combined with financial loss, explain the choice not to retire.
37	Silva et al., (2015Silva, A., Caraballo, G., Jucá, R., & Machado, L. (2015). Concepções e expectativas da aposentadoria em trabalhadores da educação pública do Rio Grande do Norte [Conceptions and expectations of retirement in workers of the public education of Rio Grande do Norte]. Aletheia, 47-48, 106-121. http://scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-03942015000200009 http://scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid... ) (Brazil)	Conceptions and expectations	Public education professionals (20)	Exploratory, qualitative (Questionnaire and interviews)	The centrality that work has in life is observed, when relating retirement to feelings of inactivity and idleness, thus manifesting negative expectations. Need to continue working after retirement.
38	Smith & Dougherty, (2017) (USA)	Expectations	Workers (84)	Exploratory, qualitative (Interviews)	Retirement as the ultimate marker of success and individual freedom. Two fractures appeared: freedom/routine and individual responsibility/universal expectations.
39	Vianna & Melo-Silva (2009)Vianna-Duarte, L., & Melo-Silva, C. (2009). Expectativas diante da aposentadoria: Um estudo de acompanhamento em momento de transição [Views about retirement: A follow-up study]. Revista Brasileira de Orientação Profissional , 10(1), 45-54. http://scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1679-33902009000100007 http://scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pi... (Brazil)	Expectations	Workers who have started the retirement process (20)	Exploratory, monitoring and qualitative (interviews in two moments)	Expectation of an increase in quality of life, based on economic conditions. The comparison between the moments highlights the search for greater freedom, family contact and quality of life, and exposes the contradictions of the process.

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[1] Contact: Silvia Miranda Amorim Laboratório de Estudos sobre Trabalho, Sociabilidade e Saúde Departamento de Psicologia da Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas (FAFICH), UFMG Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, sala 4100 CEP: 31270-901 Telefone: (31) 9.8375-2476