Adaptive strategies |
Reaction focused on the problem |
Consists of a talk related to the problematic situation, with the intention of resolving or reliving it. (Eisenberg et al., 1996Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Murphy, B. C. (1996). Parent's reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to children's social competence and comforting behavior. Child Development67(5), 2227-2247. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01854.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996...
; Cassano et al., 2007Cassano, M., Perry-Parrish, C., & Zeman, J. (2007). Influence of gender on parental socialization of children's sadness regulation. Social Development16(2), 210-231. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00381.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007...
; Shields et al., 2001Shields, A., Ryan, R. &Cicchetti, D. (2001). Narrative representations of caregivers and emotion dysregulation as predictors of maltreated children's rejection by peers. Developmental Psychology37(3), 321-337. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11370909
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11370...
). Examples: investigating what happened; looking for solutions and trying to remember what the child did before the problematic situation: (*) "I ask what is going on, to know the reason and talk to her" (M. 06). (**) I use this a lot, 'oh, lets go on a quest, try to figure out where you lost it, when you last had it. When you left where it was, who you lent it to last." (F. 19).
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Validation of emotions |
Identifying the emotion that the child is expressing and encourage them to name it and talk about the emotional experience (Eisenberg et al., 1996Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Murphy, B. C. (1996). Parent's reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to children's social competence and comforting behavior. Child Development67(5), 2227-2247. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01854.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996...
; Cassano et al., 2007Cassano, M., Perry-Parrish, C., & Zeman, J. (2007). Influence of gender on parental socialization of children's sadness regulation. Social Development16(2), 210-231. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00381.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007...
; Shields et al., 2001Shields, A., Ryan, R. &Cicchetti, D. (2001). Narrative representations of caregivers and emotion dysregulation as predictors of maltreated children's rejection by peers. Developmental Psychology37(3), 321-337. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11370909
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11370...
). Examples: parental expression of affection directing the child's attention and trying to comfort them: (*) so I hug her, cuddle..." (M. 04); "try to pay attention and ask, what do you want, if you take them in your arms it's going to be chicanery... (F. 26). (**) "I was going to comfort him..." (F. 04).
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Unadaptive strategies |
Distraction |
Parental Action that softens the vehemence of the child's emotion, directing their attention towards another event so that they forget the situation that triggered the disturbing emotion (Eisenberg et al., 1996Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Murphy, B. C. (1996). Parent's reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to children's social competence and comforting behavior. Child Development67(5), 2227-2247. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01854.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996...
; Cassano et al., 2007Cassano, M., Perry-Parrish, C., & Zeman, J. (2007). Influence of gender on parental socialization of children's sadness regulation. Social Development16(2), 210-231. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00381.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007...
; Shields et al., 2001Shields, A., Ryan, R. &Cicchetti, D. (2001). Narrative representations of caregivers and emotion dysregulation as predictors of maltreated children's rejection by peers. Developmental Psychology37(3), 321-337. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11370909
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11370...
). Examples: making another activity, distracting the child: (*) "I tickle her so she'll be happy" (M. 04); (**) "I stall" (M 19).
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Punitive reaction |
Punishing, being it by adding or withdrawing something; also when parents make the child responsible for what happened or restrict the child's emotional expression (Eisenberg et al., 1996Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Murphy, B. C. (1996). Parent's reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to children's social competence and comforting behavior. Child Development67(5), 2227-2247. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01854.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996...
; Cassano et al., 2007Cassano, M., Perry-Parrish, C., & Zeman, J. (2007). Influence of gender on parental socialization of children's sadness regulation. Social Development16(2), 210-231. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00381.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007...
; Shields et al., 2001Shields, A., Ryan, R. &Cicchetti, D. (2001). Narrative representations of caregivers and emotion dysregulation as predictors of maltreated children's rejection by peers. Developmental Psychology37(3), 321-337. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11370909
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11370...
). Examples: increasing the tone of voice, physically hurting, making them accountable for what happened: (*) "I talk louder. Sometimes I spank her a little..." (F. 11); (**) "I tell him I can`t do anything, that he has to handle it himself, he lost it, it was his responsibility" (M. 06).
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Minimization |
Actions that diminish the importance of the child's reaction, over the expressed emotion or the issue that set it off (Eisenberg et al., 1996Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Murphy, B. C. (1996). Parent's reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to children's social competence and comforting behavior. Child Development67(5), 2227-2247. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01854.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996...
; Cassano et al., 2007Cassano, M., Perry-Parrish, C., & Zeman, J. (2007). Influence of gender on parental socialization of children's sadness regulation. Social Development16(2), 210-231. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00381.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007...
; Shields et al., 2001Shields, A., Ryan, R. &Cicchetti, D. (2001). Narrative representations of caregivers and emotion dysregulation as predictors of maltreated children's rejection by peers. Developmental Psychology37(3), 321-337. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11370909
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11370...
). Examples: saying that the child is overreacting, that they should remember other people have it worse: (*) "he has no reason to feel that way" (M. 06); (**) "I`ll explain that this is not all that matters, there are other toys" (M. 08).
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Disturbed Reaction |
The parents themselves experience negative emotions and a feeling of disorganization facing the negative expression of the child (Melo, 2005Melo, A. I. M. T. d. (2005). Emoções no período escolar: Estratégias parentais face à expressão emocional e sintomas de internalização e externalização da criança (Dissertação de mestrado). Curso de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Clínica, Universidade do Minho, Portugal. Retrieved from http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/4926/1/TESE%20MESTRADO%20ANA%20MELO.pdf
http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitst...
). Examples: being angry, annoyed, stressed out about the situation: (*) "there have been times when I was talking and ended up angry at her..." (M. 13); (**) "I get angry because I`m attached to his things" (M. 11).
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Substitution |
Situations in which loss is the elicitor of the emotion and parents buy or try to obtain something similar to what was lost. Examples: buying something similar. (*) "we tried to buy it for him..." (F. 09); (**) I tried to buy a simiar one to see if it calmed him down" (M. 09).
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"Doing nothing" |
Lack of response of the parents facing the emotional expression of the children. Examples: ignoring the sadness, getting out of the situation, doing nothing. (*) "I don`t do anything" (F. 01); "I leave it, she`ll cry, and then the feeling goes away..." (M. 13). (**) There were no accounts in this category for the stimulus-story.
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