Depressive symptoms and alcohol and marijuana use among adolescents

Maltoni, Juliana; Corrêa, Rafael; Matos, Margarida Gaspar de; Neufeld, Carmem Beatriz

doi:10.1590/1413-82712023280303

Brasil

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Papers • Psico-USF 28 (3) • Jul-Sep 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712023280303 linkcopy

Depressive symptoms and alcohol and marijuana use among adolescents

Sintomas Depressivos e Uso de Álcool e Maconha em Adolescentes

Síntomas depresivos y uso de alcohol y marihuana en adolescentes

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Risk behaviors are common in adolescence and demonstrates an association with depressive symptoms. Considering the psychological health implications of this phase in adult life, the aim of this study was to verify associations between depressive symptoms and consumption of alcohol and marijuana, self-injurious behavior, health self-perception, life satisfaction, anxiety symptoms and suicidal ideation in adolescents. A total of 298 adolescents, aged 12 to 14 years (61.1% girls), participated in the study. The measures were the translated Health Behavior in School-aged Children questionnaire (HBSC - BR) and the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). The chi-square test, student’s t test and binomial logistic regression (p<0.05) were used. Depressive symptoms were associated with anxiety symptoms and self-injury. Higher risk for alcohol use and consumption, self-injury, negative health self-perception, anxiety and depression related to females. The findings of this population suggest worrying health outcomes, especially for girl.

Keywords: risk behavior; adolescence; depression; suicidal ideation; nonsuicidal self injury

Variables	Measure
Gender	1= Boy	2= Girl
School grade*	1= 7th grade ES; 2= 8th grade ES;	3= 9th grade ES;	4= 1st year HS
Use of alcohol (in life)*	1= Never (…)	7= 30 days (or more)
Consumption of alcohol (last 30 days)*	1= Never (…)	7= 30 days (or more)
Use of marijuana (in life)*	1= Never (…)	7= 30 days (or more)
Self-harm	1= Yes;	2= No
Health rating*	1= Excellent; 2= Good; 3= Moderate; 4= Bad
Life satisfaction	Minimum = 0	Maximum = 10
Anxiety rating*	Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS); α 0,92. Answers vary between never, sometimes, often and always, with a maximum score of 114. Cutoff points for clinical anxiety were 25 or higher for boys and 36 or higher for girls.
Depression rating*	Children’s Depression Inventor (CDI); α 0,81. Answers vary between 0 and 81 points. Cutoff points for clinical depression were 14 or higher for boys and 18 or higher for girls.
Suicidal ideation*	Children’s Depression Inventor (CDI); α 0,81. Answers referring to item 9.

Variables		Total	Boys	Girls
		% (n) or M±SD	% (n) or M±SD	% (n) or M±SD	p
		100 (298)	100 (116)	100 (182)
School grade					0.200
	7th grade ES	59.7 (178)	44.8 (52)	62.6 (114)
	8th grade ES	40.3 (120)	55.2 (64)	37.4 (68)
Use of alcohol (in life)					0.297
	Yes	50.3 (150)	46.6 (54)	52.7 (96)
	No	49.7 (148)	53.4 (62)	47.3 (85)
Consumption of alcohol (last month)					0.043
	Yes	22.7 (66)	16.5 (19)	26.7 (47)
	No	77.3 (225)	83.5 (96)	73.3 (129)
Use of marijuana (in life)*					0.076
	Yes	7 (21)	10.3 (12)	4.9 (9)
	No	93 (277)	89.7 (104)	95.1 (173)
Self-harm					<0.001
	Yes	28.5 (85)	15.5 (18)	36.8 (67)
	No	71.5 (213)	84.5 (98)	63.2 (115)
Health rating					0.025
	Positive	73.6 (218)	80.9 (93)	69.1 (125)
	Negative	26.4 (78)	19.1 (22)	30.9 (56)
Life satisfaction		7.17 ± 2.23	7 ± 2.25	7.27 ± 2.22	0.309
Anxiety rating					0.516
	Clinical	60.1 (179)	57.8 (67)	61.5 (112)
	Nonclinical	39.9 (119)	42.2 (49)	38.5 (70)
Depression rating					0.030
	Clinical	25.8 (77)	19 (22)	30.2 (55)
	Nonclinical	74.2 (221)	81 (94)	69.8 (127)
Suicidal ideation					0.821
	Yes	29.2 (87)	28.4 (33)	29.7 (54)
	No	70.8 (211)	71.6 (83)	70.3 (128)

Variables		Depression Rating
		Non-clinical	Clinical	p	Non-clinical	Clinical	p
		Boys			Girls
		% (n) or M±SD			% (n) or M±SD
School grade¹				0.681			0.605
	7th grade ES	45.7 (43)	40.9 (9)		38.6 (49)	34.5 (19)
	8th grade ES	54.3 (51)	59.1 (13)		61.4 (78)	65.5 (36)
Use of alcohol (in life)¹				0.719			<0.001
	Yes	45.7 (43)	50 (11)		43.3 (55)	74.5 (41)
	No	54.3 (51)	50 (11)		56.7 (72)	25.5 (14)
Consumption of alcohol (last 30 days)¹				0.383			0.020
	Yes	15.1 (14)	22.7 (5)		21.5 (26)	38.2 (21)
	No	84.9 (79)	77.3 (17)		78.5 (95)	61.8 (34)
Use of marijuana (in life)¹				0.269			0.031
	Yes	5.3 (5)	0		0	3.6 (2)
	No	94.7 (89)	100 (22)		100 (127)	96.4 (53)
Self-harm¹				0.091			<0.001
	Yes	12.8 (12)	27.3 (6)		22 (28)	70.9 (39)
	No	87.2 (82)	72.7 (16)		78 (99)	29.1 (16)
Health rating¹				0.280			0.002
	Positive	82.8 (77)	72.7 (16)		76.2 (96)	52.7 (29)
	Negative	17.2 (16)	27.3 (6)		23.8 (30)	47.3 (26)
Life satisfaction²		7.09 ± 2.20	6.64 ± 2.48	0.400	7.39 ± 2.21	7 ± 2.22	0.279
Anxiety rating¹				0.535			<0.001
	Clinical	43.6 (41)	63.6 (14)		52.8 (67)	18.2 (10)
	Nonclinical	56.4 (53)	36.4 (8)		47.2 (60)	81.8 (45)
Suicidal ideation¹				0.697			0.552
	Yes	27.7 (26)	31.8 (7)		28.3 (36)	32.7 (18)
	No	72.3 (68)	68.2 (15)		71.7 (91)	67.3 (37)

	Depression Rating OR (95% CI) p
	Model χ²= 62.641 NRSquare 0.28 <0.001
Use of alcohol (in life)	0.092
	1.84 (0.91-3.73)
Consumption of alcohol (last 30 days)	0.876
	0.94 (0.43-2.06)
Use of marijuana (in life)	0.374
	0.41 (0.06-2.93)
Self-harm	<0.001
	4.73 (2.52-8.90)
Health rating	0.100
	0.58 (0.30-1.11)
Anxiety rating	0.013
	2.30 (1.19-4.45)

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Universidade de São Francisco, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Psicologia R. Waldemar César da Silveira, 105, Vl. Cura D'Ars (SWIFT), Campinas - São Paulo, CEP 13045-510, Telefone: (19)3779-3771 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revistapsico@usf.edu.br

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[TFN1] Abbreviation = ES= Elementary School; HS= High School

[TFN2] *This variable has been recoded.