Posttraumatic Growth Among Emergency Workers: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies

Lima, Eduardo de Paula; Vasconcelos, Alina Gomide; Nascimento, Elizabeth do

doi:10.1590/1413-82712020250313

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Artigos • Psico-USF 25 (3) • Jul-Sep 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712020250313 copy

Posttraumatic Growth Among Emergency Workers: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Exposure to traumatic events can lead to Posttraumatic Growth (PTG). The present study aimed to was to conduct a systematic review of publications on the prevalence of PTG and its association with occupational stressors among emergency professionals. The review was based on the PRISMA method and previously registered in PROSPERO. The search was conducted in following eletronic databases: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Mediline), Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (Lilacs), and Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo). It was not possible to identify the prevalence of The prevalence of PTG was not identified among emergency professionals. Operational stressors were associated with to PTG. Organizational stressors were rarely investigated. We concluded that PTG is one of the focuses in studies on post-traumatic reactions among emergency professionals and it is associated with occupational stressors. Therefore, it is an important construct to understand the mental health of these professionals given the organization and the nature of their occupational tasks.

Keywords:
review; psychological trauma; emergency medical services; firefighters; police

Autor(es) e ano	Local	Amostra	Instrumento	Desenho	ICPT		Avaliação de estressores ocupacionais		Associação significativa entre estressores ocupacionais e CPT
Autor(es) e ano	Local	Amostra	Instrumento	Desenho	Média	dp	Operacional	Organizacional	Operacional	Organizacional
Armstrong et al., (2014Armstrong, D., Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Shochet, I. (2014). Predicting post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic stress in firefighters. Australian Journal of Psychology, 66(1), 38-46. doi: 10.1111/ajpy.12032 https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12032... )	Austrália	218 bombeiros	ICPT	Transversal	2,04	1,05	Sim	Sim	Sim	Não
Beck et al., (2016Beck, C. T., Eaton, C. M., & Gable, R. K. (2016). Vicarious posttraumatic growth in labor and delivery nurses. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 45(6), 801-812. doi: 10.1016/j.jogn.2016.07.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogn.2016.07.0... )	EUA	467 enfermeiras	ICPT	Transversal	2,79	1,05	Não	Não	Não se aplica	Não se aplica
Beck et al., (2017Beck, C. T., Rivera, J., & Gable, R. K. (2017). A mixed-methods study of vicarious posttraumatic growth in certified nurse-midwives. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 62(1), 80-87. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12523 https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12523... )	EUA	525 enfermeiras	ICPT	Transversal	1,81	1,04	Sim	Não	Não	Não se aplica
Chopko (2010Chopko, B. A. (2010). Posttraumatic distress and growth: An empirical study of police officers. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 64(1), 55-72. Recuperado de http://www.ajp.org/archives.html http://www.ajp.org/archives.html... )	EUA	183 policiais	ICPT	Transversal	1,90	1,10	Sim	Não	Sim	Não
Chopko et al., (2016Chopko, B. A., Palmieri, P. A., & Adams, R. E. (2016). Posttraumatic growth in relation to the frequency and severity of traumatic experiences among police officers in small to midsize departments. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, pii: 0886260516651089. [ahead of print]. doi: 10.1177/0886260516651089 https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516651089... )	EUA	193 policiais	ICPT	Transversal	1,75	1,05	Sim	Não	Sim	Não
Kehl et al., (2015Kehl, D., Knuth, D., Hulse, L., & Schmidt, S. (2015). Predictors of postevent distress and growth among firefighters after work-related emergencies - a cross-national study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7(3), 203-211. doi: 10.1037/a0037954 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037954... )	UE	1.916 bombeiros	ICPT reduzido	Transversal	1,32	1,11	Sim	Sim	Sim	Não
Kirby et al., (2011Kirby, R., Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Palk, G. (2011). Adaptative and maladaptative coping strategies predict posttrauma outcomes in ambulance personnel. Traumatology, 17(4), 25-34. doi: 10.1177/1534765610395623 https://doi.org/10.1177/1534765610395623... )	Austrália	118 socorristas	ICPT	Transversal	2,32	1,06	Sim	Não	Sim	Não se aplica
Kunst et al., (2017Kunst, M. J., Saan, M. C., Bollen, L. J. A., & Kuijpers, K. F. (2017). Secondary traumatic stress and secondary posttraumatic growth in a sample of Dutch police family liaison officers. Stress and Health, 33(5), 570-577. doi: 10.1002/smi.2741. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2741... )	Holanda	224 policiais	ICPT	Transversal	1,83	1,14	Sim	Sim	Sim	Sim
Leppma et al., (2016Leppma, M., Mnatsakanova, A., Sarkisian, K., Scott, O., Adjeroh, L., Andrew, M. E., Violanti, J. M., & McCaniles, E. C. (2016). Stressful life events and posttraumatic growth among police officers: A cross-sectional study. Stress and Health. [Ahead of Print], 1-12. doi: 10.1002/smi.2772 https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2772... )	EUA	113 policiais	ICPT	Transversal	2,04	1,35	Sim	Sim	Não	Não
Leykin, et al., (2013Leykin, D., Lahad, M., & Bonneh, N. (2013). Posttraumatic symptoms and posttraumatic growth of Israeli firefighters, at one month following the Carmel Fire Disaster. Psychiatry Journal, 274121. doi: 10.1155/2013/274121 https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/274121... )	Israel	65 bombeiros	ICPT reduzido	Transversal	2,04	1,29	Sim	Não	Sim	Não se aplica
Oginska-Bulik et al., (2016Oginska-Bulik, N., & Kobylarczyk, M. (2016). Association between resiliency and posttraumatic growth in firefighters: The role of stress appraisal. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 22(1), 40-48. doi: 10.1080/10803548.2015.1109372 https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2015.11... )	Polônia	75 bombeiros	ICPT	Transversal	2,67	1,01	Sim	Não	Sim	Não se aplica
Shakespeare-Finch et al., (2003Shakespeare-Finch, J. E., Smith, S. G., Gow, K. M., Embelton, G., & Baird, L. (2003). The prevalence of post-traumatic growth in emergency personnel. Traumatology, 9(1), 58-71. Recuperado de http://journals.sagepub.com http://journals.sagepub.com... )	Austrália	526 socorristas	ICPT	Transversal	2,34	1,03	Sim	Não	Sim	Não se aplica
Shamia et al., (2015Shamia, N. A., Thabet, A. A. M., & Vostanis, P. (2015). Exposure to war traumatic experiences, post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth among nurses in Gaza. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 22(10), 749-755. doi: 10.1111/jpm.12264 https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12264... )	Palestina	274 enfermeiros	ICPT	Transversal	2,30	0,83	Sim	Não	Não	Não se aplica
Shiri et al., (2008Shiri, S., Wexler, I. D., Alkalay, Y., Meiner, Z., & Kreitler, S. (2008). Positive psychological impact of treating victims of politically motivated violence among hospital-based health care providers. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 77(5), 315-318. doi: 10.1159/000142524 https://doi.org/10.1159/000142524... )	Israel	70 médicos	ICPT	Transversal	2,15	1,22	Sim	Não	Não	Não se aplica
	Israel	37 enfermeiros	ICPT	Transversal	0,91	0,91	Sim	Não	Não	Não se aplica
Taubman-Bem-Ari et al., (2008)	Israel	58 médicos	ICPT	Transversal	2,58	0,68	Sim	Não	Não	Não se aplica
Taubman-Bem-Ari et al., (2008)	Israel	66 enfermeiros	ICPT	Transversal	3,17	0,71	Sim	Não	Não	Não se aplica

Autor(es) / ano	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6	C7	C8	C9	C10	C11	C12	C13
Armstrong et al., (2014Armstrong, D., Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Shochet, I. (2014). Predicting post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic stress in firefighters. Australian Journal of Psychology, 66(1), 38-46. doi: 10.1111/ajpy.12032 https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12032... )	S	S	S	N	N	?	S	S	S	PA	S	S	S
Beck et al., (2016Beck, C. T., Eaton, C. M., & Gable, R. K. (2016). Vicarious posttraumatic growth in labor and delivery nurses. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 45(6), 801-812. doi: 10.1016/j.jogn.2016.07.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogn.2016.07.0... )	S	S	S	N	PA	N	S	S	S	S	N	S	?
Beck et al., (2017Beck, C. T., Rivera, J., & Gable, R. K. (2017). A mixed-methods study of vicarious posttraumatic growth in certified nurse-midwives. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 62(1), 80-87. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12523 https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12523... )	S	S	S	N	N	N	S	S	S	N	S	S	?
Chopko (2010Chopko, B. A. (2010). Posttraumatic distress and growth: An empirical study of police officers. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 64(1), 55-72. Recuperado de http://www.ajp.org/archives.html http://www.ajp.org/archives.html... )	S	S	N	N	N	?	S	S	S	N	S	S	S
Chopko et al., (2016Chopko, B. A., Palmieri, P. A., & Adams, R. E. (2016). Posttraumatic growth in relation to the frequency and severity of traumatic experiences among police officers in small to midsize departments. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, pii: 0886260516651089. [ahead of print]. doi: 10.1177/0886260516651089 https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516651089... )	S	S	N	N	N	?	S	S	S	S	S	S	S
Kehl et al., (2015Kehl, D., Knuth, D., Hulse, L., & Schmidt, S. (2015). Predictors of postevent distress and growth among firefighters after work-related emergencies - a cross-national study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7(3), 203-211. doi: 10.1037/a0037954 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037954... )	S	S	S	N	N	?	S	S	S	S	S	S	S
Kirby et al., (2011Kirby, R., Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Palk, G. (2011). Adaptative and maladaptative coping strategies predict posttrauma outcomes in ambulance personnel. Traumatology, 17(4), 25-34. doi: 10.1177/1534765610395623 https://doi.org/10.1177/1534765610395623... )	S	S	S	N	N	?	S	S	PA	N	S	S	S
Kunst et al., (2017Kunst, M. J., Saan, M. C., Bollen, L. J. A., & Kuijpers, K. F. (2017). Secondary traumatic stress and secondary posttraumatic growth in a sample of Dutch police family liaison officers. Stress and Health, 33(5), 570-577. doi: 10.1002/smi.2741. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2741... )	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S
Leppma et al., (2016Leppma, M., Mnatsakanova, A., Sarkisian, K., Scott, O., Adjeroh, L., Andrew, M. E., Violanti, J. M., & McCaniles, E. C. (2016). Stressful life events and posttraumatic growth among police officers: A cross-sectional study. Stress and Health. [Ahead of Print], 1-12. doi: 10.1002/smi.2772 https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2772... )	S	S	S	S	S	N	S	S	S	PA	S	S	S
Leykin, et al., (2013Leykin, D., Lahad, M., & Bonneh, N. (2013). Posttraumatic symptoms and posttraumatic growth of Israeli firefighters, at one month following the Carmel Fire Disaster. Psychiatry Journal, 274121. doi: 10.1155/2013/274121 https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/274121... )	S	S	N	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	N
Oginska-Bulik (2016Oginska-Bulik, N., & Kobylarczyk, M. (2016). Association between resiliency and posttraumatic growth in firefighters: The role of stress appraisal. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 22(1), 40-48. doi: 10.1080/10803548.2015.1109372 https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2015.11... )	S	S	S	N	N	N	S	S	S	S	S	S	S
Shakespeare-Finch et al., (2003Shakespeare-Finch, J. E., Smith, S. G., Gow, K. M., Embelton, G., & Baird, L. (2003). The prevalence of post-traumatic growth in emergency personnel. Traumatology, 9(1), 58-71. Recuperado de http://journals.sagepub.com http://journals.sagepub.com... )	S	S	S	N	N	?	S	S	N	?	N	PA	N
Shamia et al., (2015Shamia, N. A., Thabet, A. A. M., & Vostanis, P. (2015). Exposure to war traumatic experiences, post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth among nurses in Gaza. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 22(10), 749-755. doi: 10.1111/jpm.12264 https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12264... )	S	S	S	S	PA	?	S	S	S	S	S	S	N
Shiri et al., (2008Shiri, S., Wexler, I. D., Alkalay, Y., Meiner, Z., & Kreitler, S. (2008). Positive psychological impact of treating victims of politically motivated violence among hospital-based health care providers. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 77(5), 315-318. doi: 10.1159/000142524 https://doi.org/10.1159/000142524... )	S	S	S	N	N	?	S	S	S	N	S	S	S
Taubman-Bem-Ari et al., (2008Taubman-Ben-Ari, O., & Weintroub, A. (2008). Meaning in life and personal growth among pediatric physicians and nurses. Death Studies, 32(7), 621-645. doi: 10.1080/07481180802215627 https://doi.org/10.1080/0748118080221562... )	S	S	S	N	N	?	S	S	S	PA	S	S	S

Universidade de São Francisco, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Psicologia R. Waldemar César da Silveira, 105, Vl. Cura D'Ars (SWIFT), Campinas - São Paulo, CEP 13045-510, Telefone: (19)3779-3771 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
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