| Albert R. Powers III, Megan S. Kelley, and Philip R. Corlett (USA). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 2017Powers III, A. R., Kelley, M. S., & Corlett, P. R. (2017). Varieties of voice-hearing: psychics and the psychosis continuum. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 43(1), 84-98.. |
Case-control qualitative research |
The study presents a new study population: people from spiritual communities who receive daily auditory messages. There were phenomenological interviews with these subjects and with patients diagnosed with psychotic disorder who hear voices, people with a diagnosis of psychotic disorder who did not hear voices, and adequate control subjects (without voices or diagnosis). Objective: to understand the distinction between anomalous beliefs and illusion. |
| Esther R. Cole, Clara Strauss, Chris Fife-Schaw and Simon McCarthy-Jones (United Kingdom, Ireland). Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 2017. |
Cross-sectional quantitative study |
Cognitive models suggest that levels of distress associated with auditory verbal hallucinations (“voices”) are influenced by the hearers’ beliefs about their voices (perceived malevolence and omnipotence), their negative beliefs about themselves and others, and their relationship style. This study aims to test a comprehensive model of the relationship between these variables in order to identify distal and proximal interpersonal and cognitive factors that contribute to voice-related distress. |
| Lyn Ellett, Olga Luzon, Max Birchwood, Zarina Abbas, Abi Harris and Paul Chadwick (United Kingdom). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2017. |
Cross-sectional quantitative study |
Command hallucinations are considered to be one of the most distressing and disruptive symptoms of schizophrenia. Based on previous studies, we compared key attributes in the symptomatic, affective, and cognitive profiles of people diagnosed with schizophrenia and hearing voices that give (n = 77) or do not give (n = 74) commands. |
| Berta Britz (USA). Frontiers in Psychology, 2017Britz, B. (2017). Listening and Hearing: a voice hearer’s invitation into relationship. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 387.. |
Qualitative research; first-person narrative. |
This article relocates anomalous experiences in their human contexts and asks clinicians and researchers to engage with these contexts. The author shares a first-person narrative of her experience, shifting her relationships with the domain of voices to recovery and accept herself as a human being, a reorientation supported by her involvement in the hearing voices movement. |
| Adèle De Jager, Paul Rhodes, Vanessa Beavan, Douglas Holmes, Kathryn McCabe, Neil Thomas, Simon McCarthy-Jones, Debra Lampshire and Mark Hayward (Australia, New Zealand and United Kingdom). Qualitative Health Research, 2016. |
Qualitative research with semi-structured interviews. Narrative analysis of the interview transcripts |
To investigate the recovery experience of eleven voice hearers. |
| C. Rosen, N. Jones, K. A. Chase, L. S. Grossman, H. Gin, and R. P. Sharmay (USA). Journal of Schizophrenia Research, 2016. |
Quanti- qualitative research |
The main objective of this study was to examine the first-person phenomenological descriptions of the relationship between the self and the auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH). Complex AVHs are often described as entities with clear interpersonal characteristics. Surprisingly, investigations of first-person descriptions (subjective) of relationship phenomenology are practically absent from the literature. |
| Filippo Varese, Anthony P. Morrison, Rosie Beck, Suzanne Heffernan, Heather Law and Richard P. Bentall (United Kingdom). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2016. |
Cross-sectional quantitative study |
The study has suggested that to the extent that voices (auditory verbal hallucinations) are experienced as distressing, they may be influenced by negative beliefs about voices and unadapted metacognitive styles involving negative judgment and unadapted control of mental experiences. This cross-sectional study examined the contribution of both specific voice assessments and metacognitive factor (experience avoidance) for voice-related disorders. |
| T. M. Luhrmann, R. Padmavati, H. Tharoor and A. Osei (USA, India and Ghana). The British Journal of Psychiatry, 2015. |
Qualitative research with semi-structured interviews |
To compare auditory hallucinations in three different cultures by means of a study based on interviews. |
| María de Gracia León-Palacios, Juan Úbeda-Gómez, Silvia Escudero-Pérez, María Dolores Barros-Albarán, Ana María López-Jiménez and Salvador Perona-Garcelán (Spain). The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 2015. |
Cross-sectional quantitative study |
This study was designed to find out whether a person’s relationship with his/her voices and the negative affect he/she establishes with them are mediated by beliefs about voices. |
| Tanya M. Luhrmann, R. Padmavati, Hema Tharoor, Akwasi Osei (USA, India and Ghana). Topics in Cognitive Science, 2015. |
Qualitative research with semi-structured interviews |
The study compares 20 individuals with severe psychotic disorder (they meet the inclusion criteria for schizophrenia) who hear voices, comparing their experiences. |
| George Robson and Oliver Mason (United Kingdom). Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 2015Robson, G., & Mason, O. (2015). Interpersonal processes and attachment in voice-hearers. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 43(6), 655-668.. |
Cross-sectional quantitative study |
The study investigated links between anxiety to establish bonds, interpersonal aspects of relationship with the voices and distress, considering the impact of beliefs on voices and paranoia. |
| Neil Thomas, John Farhall, Frances Shawyer (Australia). Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 2015Thomas, N., Farhall, J., & Shawyer, F. (2015). Beliefs about voices and schemas about self and others in psychosis. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 43(2), 209-223.. |
Cross-sectional quantitative study |
In this study, one examined the relationship between beliefs about voices and cognitive self-representations and representation of the others in people who experience auditory hallucinations. |
| Joséphine Chaix, Edgar Ma, Alexandra Nguyen, Maria Assumpta Ortiz Collado, Shyhrete Rexhaj, Jérôme Favrod (Switzerland). Psychiatry Research, 2014. |
Cross-sectional quantitative study |
To evaluate the auditory hallucinations of 28 patients with schizophrenia and auditory verbal hallucinations. |
| Bas van Oosterhout, Lydia Krabbendam, Guus Smeets and Mark van der Gaag (Netherlands). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2013. |
Cross-sectional quantitative study |
This study explores the associations between metacognitive beliefs and beliefs about voices in patients with severe auditory verbal hallucinations, and their hypothetical relationship with levels of depression and anxiety. In addition, it has been hypothesized that metacognitive beliefs are more able to explain differences in levels of depression and anxiety than beliefs about voices. |
| K. Daalman, I. E. C. Sommer, E. M. Derks and. R. Peters (United Kingdom and Netherlands). Psychological Medicine, 2013. |
Case-control quantitative research |
Several cognitive defects are related to psychotic symptoms, including auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH). It is not yet clear whether these trends differ in voice hearers with and without the need for care. |
| E. Faccio, D. Romaioli, J. Dagani and S. Cipolletta (Italy). Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 2013. |
Qualitative research with semi-structured interviews |
This exploratory research investigates the phenomenon of auditory hallucinations from the perspective of the voice hearer who does not use mental health services, evaluating whether this experience can contribute to maintenance and adaptation of the hearer’s personal identity system. |
| Simon McCarthy-Jones, Amanda Waegeli e John Watkins (Australia and United Kingdom). Psychosis, 2013McCarthy-Jones, S., Waegeli, A., & Watkins, J. (2013). Spirituality and hearing voices: considering the relation. Psychosis, 5(3), 247-258.. |
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To examine how spirituality can help voice hearers. |
| K. Berry, A. Wearden, C. Barrowclough, L. Oakland, J. Bradley. (United Kingdom). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2012. |
Cross-sectional quantitative study |
The study investigated associations between ability to bond in adults and hearing voices. It is believed that there are associations between unsafe bonds, severity of the voice heard and anguish regarding voices. There is also a hypothesis of associations between type of bond and the nature of relationships with the voices. |
| N. G. Petrus, Ricky W. K. Chun, and Angela Tsun (Hong Kong). The Scientific World Journal, 2012Petrus, N. G., Chun, R. W. K., & Tsun, A. (2012). Recovering from hallucinations: a qualitative study of coping with voices hearing of people with schizophrenia in Hong Kong. The Scientific World Journal, 2012, 232619.. |
Qualitative research with semi-structured interviews |
This study aimed to examine strategies for coping with auditory hallucinations of Chinese people with schizophrenia in Hong Kong. |
| Charlotte Connor and Max Birchwood (United Kingdom). Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 2011. |
Cross-sectional quantitative study |
To explore assessments of the power of voices and emotional support to determine their impact on the prediction of depression and suicidal thinking. |
| S. Cottam, S. N. Paul, O. J. Doughty, L. Carpenter, A. Al-Mousawi, S. Karvounis and D. J. Done (United Kingdom). Cognitive Neuropsychiatric, 2011. |
Quanti- qualitative exploratory research |
It is hypothesized that religious voice hearers would interpret voices according to their beliefs and therefore experience fewer difficulties. To verify whether religious voice hearers interpret voices according to their beliefs. |
| C. Place, R. Foxcroft, J. Shaw (United Kingdom). Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 2011. |
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The objective was to make mental health nurses to listen to the voice hearers, helping them tell the story of their experience of hearing voices. |
| Vanessa Beavan and John Read (New Zealand). The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 2010Beavan, V., & Read, J. (2010). Hearing voices and listening to what they say: the importance of voice content in understanding and working with distressing voices. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(3), 201-205.. |
Quanti-qualitative exploratory research |
The purpose of this study is to explore, in a general population sample, the content and impact of voice hearers’ auditory hallucinations. |
| Lana J. Jackson, Mark Hayward and Anne Cooke (United Kingdom). International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 2010. |
Qualitative research with semi-structured interviews |
Research questions: How do people develop positive relationships with their voice (s)? What factors (internal and external) affect these relationships? How do these relationships change over time? |
| Catherine Lawrence, Jason Jones, Myra Cooper (United Kingdom). Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 2010Lawrence, C., Jones, J., & Cooper, M. (2010). Hearing voices in a non-psychiatric population. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 38(3), 363-373.. |
Quantitative exploratory research with application of questionnaires via the Internet |
This study investigates beliefs about voices and the pain experienced, providing a topographic report of the experience of hearing voices in a sample of 184 individuals who hear voices in a non-psychiatric population. |
| Eleanor Sorrell, Mark Hayward, Sara Meddings (United Kingdom). Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 2010. |
Cross-sectional quantitative study |
Previous research suggests that the anguish experienced by clinical voice hearers (who make use of mental health services) is associated with the perception of the relationship that the hearer has with voices, regardless of beliefs about voices and level of depression. The purpose of this study was to replicate these findings and generate other hypotheses when comparing the experience of hearing voices from two populations: clinical and non-clinical hearers. |
| Jasmine T. Chin, Mark Hayward and Ange Drinnan (United Kingdom). Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 2009. |
Qualitative research with semi-structured interviews |
The conceptualization of interactions between voice hearers and their voices as a “relationship” has recently become an area of psychological inquiry. So far, the literature that explores the details of a hearer-voice relationship has undeniably privileged the studies that favor the viewer’s perspective on voices. The study aimed to establish the perspectives of voice hearers in relation to any “relationship” they may have developed with their voices. |
| Neil Thomas, Hamish J. McLeod, Chris R. Brewin (Australia and United Kingdom). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2009. |
Cross-sectional quantitative study |
Models of interpersonal relationships have proposed that people be designed to respond to others according to a principle of complementarity, whereby perceived hostility creates mutual hostility, and perceived dominance originates submission. This study examined interpersonal assessments and responses to auditory hallucinations to determine whether this principle predicts how patients respond to the voices they hear. |
| E. M. Andrew, N. S. Gray and R. J. Snowden (United Kingdom). Psychological Medicine, 2008Andrew, E. M., Gray, N. S., & Snowden, R. J. (2008). The relationship between trauma and beliefs about hearing voices: a study of psychiatric and non-psychiatric voice hearers. Psychological Medicine, 38(10), 1409-1417.. |
Population cross-sectional quantitative study |
This study aimed to explore the path in which traumatic life events contribute to beliefs about voices and any associated suffering. |
| Andrew Mackinnon, David L. Copolov and Tom Trauer (Australia). The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 2004. |
Cross-sectional quantitative study |
Command hallucinations (CH) direct the patient to perform an action. In addition to the problems related to the danger that some CH may represent, little is known about CH broader clinical context. |
| Graham Cockshutt (United Kingdom). Cognitive Neuropsychiatric, 2004Cockshutt, G. (2004). Choices for voices: a voice hearer’s perspective on hearing voices. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 9(1-2), 9-11.. |
First-person narrative |
To talk about the experience of hearing voices, how to deal with them, and what the medical space in that relationship is. |
| Sam Vaughan e David Fowler (United Kingdom). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2004Vaughan, S., & Fowler, D. (2004). The distress experienced by voice hearers is associated with the perceived relationship between the voice hearer and the voice. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(2), 143-153.. |
Cross-sectional quantitative study |
To explore the relationship between anguish and the perceptions that voice hearers have of their relationship with the voices they hear. The hypothesis is that a dominant voice style and a submissive and distant relationship style of the voice hearer would be related to the levels of distress. |
| Mark Hayward (United Kingdom). Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 2003Hayward, M. (2003). Interpersonal relating and voice hearing: to what extent does relating to the voice reflect social relating? Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 76(4), 369-383.. |
Cross-sectional quantitative study |
This preliminary study used Birtchnell’s (1996Birtchnell, J. (1996). How humans relate: a new interpersonal theory. London, UK: Psychology Press., 2002) theory of relating to investigate the hypothesis that people who hear voices relate to the voices and people in their social environment in similar ways. |
| S. Jones, A. Guy e J. A. Ormrod (United Kingdom). Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 2003. |
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Using Q methodology and structured interviews, this preliminary study was established to explore how a diverse group of voice hearers interpreted their experience of hearing voices. |
| Octávia Cristina Barros, Octavio Domont de Serpa Júnior (Brazil). Interface - Comunicação, Saúde, Educação, 2014Barros, O. C., & Serpa Júnior, O. D. (2014). Ouvir vozes: um estudo sobre a troca de experiências em ambiente virtual. Interface - Comunicação, Saúde, Educação, 18(50), 557-569.. |
Ethnographic qualitative research. |
The article, by means of studying voice hearers’ experience exchange in a virtual environment, explores how those people create strategies to share their experience in a group, in search for alternative to the psychiatric knowledge about verbal auditory hallucination. |
