Liver function of mares submitted to <i>Bothrops</i> antigen inoculation for the production of anti-ophidian sérum

Ophidian accidents have been a medical and veterinary challenge. The only treatment available and recommended by the World Health Organization and the Ministry of Health is serotherapy. This study evaluated the liver function of equines submitted to the immunization protocol currently used by the “Instituto Vital Brazil” to produce anti-Bothrops serum. Five equines were evaluated with Bothrops venom inoculation during three immunization cycles. Blood samples were taken for a biochemical test and a liver assessment due to the damage caused to the liver. The biochemical data that presented significant differences in all animals compared to baseline were AST, ALT, GGT, FA, GLDH and serum protein. Creatinine did not change throughout the experiment. The results obtained suggest that liver alterations may occur throughout the three immunization cycles. There is a great need for new studies aimed at broadening knowledge about venom inoculation protocols in serum producer equines and minimizing the adverse effects of immunization.

INDEX TERMS:
Equine; anti-ophidian serum; liver; GLDH

Authorship

Mariana N. Del Castillo ^**Corresponding author: mariana_nahum@hotmail.com

Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Clínica e Reprodução Animal, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rua Vital Brazil Filho 64, Santa Rosa, Niterói, RJ 24230340, Brazil.Universidade Federal FluminenseBrazilNiterói, RJ, BrazilDepartamento de Pós-Graduação em Clínica e Reprodução Animal, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rua Vital Brazil Filho 64, Santa Rosa, Niterói, RJ 24230340, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7632-531X

Camila S.C. Ferreira

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-0474

Mario F.A. Balaro

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8198-7964

Patrícia Castanheira

Departamento de Antígeno e Cultivo Celular, Instituto Vital Brazil (IVB), Rua Maestro José Botelho 64, Vital Brasil, Niterói, RJ 24230-410, Brazil.Instituto Vital BrazilBrazilNiterói, RJ, BrazilDepartamento de Antígeno e Cultivo Celular, Instituto Vital Brazil (IVB), Rua Maestro José Botelho 64, Vital Brasil, Niterói, RJ 24230-410, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7311-6199

Nadia R.P. Almosny

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7043-0717

Aline E. Pinna

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8954-2054

*Corresponding author: mariana_nahum@hotmail.com

Conflict of interest statement.- The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (5)
Tables (1)

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Fig.1.
Three-cycle immunization protocol for Bothrops venom used by the “Instituto Vital Brazil” in equines.

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Fig.2.
Evaluation of total protein and serum albumin in equines throughout the experimental period. Total proteins demonstrated an effect of time, with an increase starting at S5 and remaining stable until the end of the study at S20. Albumin, on the other hand, demonstrated that there was no effect of time between baseline (S0) and the last week of collection (S20).

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Fig.3.
Evaluation of the serum enzymes Aspartate Transaminase Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Transaminase (ALT) in equines throughout the experimental period, demonstrating the effect of time between baseline (S0) and the last week of collection (S20). Serum AST rose from S5 and remained stable until the end of the study. ALT, on the other hand, presented a peak at S3 of the study and then a decrease in its enzymatic activity between S8 and S14.

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Fig.4.
Evaluation of serum enzymes Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (AF) in equines throughout the experimental period, demonstrating the effect of time between baseline (S0) and the last week of collection (S20). GGT presented a first peak of serum elevation between S5 and S8 and a second peak between S13 and S20. AF presented higher serum activity at S5 and S20.

Thumbnail

Fig.5.
Values found for the enzyme Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GLDH) in equines throughout the experimental period, demonstrating the effect of time between baseline (S0) and the last week of collection (S20). The GLDH enzyme presented higher serum activity between S5 and S8. Then, there was a decrease in values in the final two weeks (S19 and S20).

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Table 1.
Mean ± standard deviation of the index evaluated by serum biochemistry at baseline (before the start of the immunization cycle), after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd immunization cycles of the experimental animals

Fig.1. Three-cycle immunization protocol for Bothrops venom used by the “Instituto Vital Brazil” in equines.

Fig.2. Evaluation of total protein and serum albumin in equines throughout the experimental period. Total proteins demonstrated an effect of time, with an increase starting at S5 and remaining stable until the end of the study at S20. Albumin, on the other hand, demonstrated that there was no effect of time between baseline (S0) and the last week of collection (S20).

Fig.3. Evaluation of the serum enzymes Aspartate Transaminase Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Transaminase (ALT) in equines throughout the experimental period, demonstrating the effect of time between baseline (S0) and the last week of collection (S20). Serum AST rose from S5 and remained stable until the end of the study. ALT, on the other hand, presented a peak at S3 of the study and then a decrease in its enzymatic activity between S8 and S14.

Fig.4. Evaluation of serum enzymes Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (AF) in equines throughout the experimental period, demonstrating the effect of time between baseline (S0) and the last week of collection (S20). GGT presented a first peak of serum elevation between S5 and S8 and a second peak between S13 and S20. AF presented higher serum activity at S5 and S20.

Fig.5. Values found for the enzyme Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GLDH) in equines throughout the experimental period, demonstrating the effect of time between baseline (S0) and the last week of collection (S20). The GLDH enzyme presented higher serum activity between S5 and S8. Then, there was a decrease in values in the final two weeks (S19 and S20).

Table 1. Mean ± standard deviation of the index evaluated by serum biochemistry at baseline (before the start of the immunization cycle), after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd immunization cycles of the experimental animals

Serum biochemical index	Baseline	After 1st cycle of immunizations	After 2nd cycle of immunizations	After 3rd cycle of immunizations	Total
Urea (mg/dL)	34.0a ± 3.4	26.6b ± 2.7	30.0ab ± 4.2	30.0ab ± 1.2	28.8 ± 4.2
Creatinine (mg/dL)	1.3 ± 0.2	1.3 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.4	1.3 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.3
Total protein (g/dL)	7.8b ± 0.5	9.9a ± 0.4	10.1a ± 0.5	10.4a ± 1.0	9.0 ± 1.3
Albumin (g/dL)	2.5 ± 0.2	2.2 ± 0.1	2.4 ± 0.2	2.4 ± 0.4	2.4 ± 0.3
AST (IU/L)	140.4b ± 18.4	267.4a ± 34.5	326.4a ± 51.6	330.6a ± 49.9	254.7 ± 78.9
ALT (IU/L)	12.0a ± 0.7	6.6b ± 2.3	6.0b ± 1.9	8.0b ± 1.0	9.8 ± 5.1
GLDH (UI/L)	5.3b ± 1.8	7.2a ± 3.4	4.2ab ± 1.7	2.5ab ± 0.5	4.6 ± 2.1
GGT (IU/L)	4.6c ± 1.9	13.4b ± 4.4	21.6a ± 9.6	17.8ab ± 3.6	11.4 ± 7.4
FA (IU/L)	139.0b ± 20.8	252.0a ± 71.8	250.6a ± 82.5	266.6a ± 77.5	219.5 ± 78.3

^a,b
Distinct letters between columns indicate a significant difference according to the Tukey test (P<0.05).

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Liver function of mares submitted to <i>Bothrops</i> antigen inoculation for the production of anti-ophidian sérum

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[1] *Corresponding author: mariana_nahum@hotmail.com