Maternal, fetal and neonatal heart rate and heart rate variability in Holstein cattle

Quevedo, Dario A.C.; Lourenço, Maria Lucia G.; Bolaños, Carmen D.; Alfonso, Angélica; Ulian, Carla M.V.; Chiacchio, Simone B.

doi:10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-5757

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Animal Morphophysiology • Pesq. Vet. Bras. 39 (04) • Apr 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-5757 copy

Maternal, fetal and neonatal heart rate and heart rate variability in Holstein cattle

Frequência cardíaca e variabilidade da frequência cardíaca materna, fetal e neonatal em bovinos da raça Holstein

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

The aim of this study was to describe the normal values for maternal, fetal and neonatal heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) indexes in the time domain (standard deviation of beat-to-beat interval - SDNN; root mean square of successive beat-to-beat differences - RMSSD) and the frequency domain (low frequency - LF; high frequency - HF; relationship between low and high frequency - LF/HF) in 23 Holstein cows, 23 fetuses and 18 neonates during the perinatal period. HR and HRV were calculated by fetomaternal electrocardiography (ECG). Fetomaternal measurements were taken six times prepartum (between days 234 and 279 of pregnancy) and measurements were taken in neonates six times after calving (after birth and five times weekly). HR, time and frequency domain were analyzed. No significant changes in maternal, fetal beat-to-beat interval (RR interval) or HR were found. In maternal variables, SDNN decreased significantly from 38.08±2.6ms (day 14 before calving) to 23.7±2.5ms (day 1 after calving) (p<0.05), but the RMSSD did not change significantly. HR and RR interval of calf differed statistically from the day before delivery (163±7.5bpm; 381±24.2ms) to the day after calving (131±5bpm; 472±16.2ms). Time variables (SDNN and RMSSD) and the frequency-domain variables (LF and HF) were significantly different (p<0.05) between fetal and neonatal stages. Reductions in the values of SDNN and RMSSD can reflect a sympathetic dominance. After calving, the increase in HF and decrease in LF variables can indicate activation of the vagal nerve followed by heart and respiratory modulation.

INDEX TERMS:
Maternal heart rate; fetal heart rate; neonatal; Holstein cattle; calf; electrocardiogram; cattle; morphology

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[1] *Corresponding author: maria-lucia.lourenco@unesp.br

	Day	RR Interval (ms)		Heart Rate (bpm)		RMSSD (ms)		SDNN (ms)
	Day	Mean±SEM	Range	Mean±SEM	Range	Mean±SEM	Range	Mean±SEM	Range
Records before calving	-35	413±25.8^abc	139	148±8.8^bcd	49	30.8±8.1^ab	44	35.1±4.2^ab	23
	-28	417±21.8^abc	160	147±8.1^bcd	60	47.9±13.4^b	106	34.0±6.2^ab	52
	-21	407±21.6^abc	137	150±8.6^bcd	53	40.2±10.7^ab	62	30.5±5.6^ab	36
	-14	435±17.3^abcd	135	139±5.8^abcd	47	48.2±7.8^b	67	35.0±3.3^ab	31
	-7	394±7.6^ab	77	153±2.9^cd	30	37.0±6.1^ab	55	31.0±2.3^ab	24
	-1	381±19.2^a	264	161±7.1^d	98	26.9±4.7^ab	56	23.3±1.8^a	22
Records after calving	1	471±15.7^bc	260	130±4.8^ab	74	18.4±6.4^a	96	33.7±4.5^ab	79
	7	441±14.9^cd	256	139±5.0^abcd	88	18.1±6.1^a	85	32.7±4.6^ab	66
	14	460±21.0^abcd	357	135±6.0^abc	109	21.4±4.5^a	67	33.5±4.2^ab	51
	21	461±23.5^bcd	279	136±6.5^abc	76	16.6±5.5^a	88	37.9±7.5^ab	98
	28	460±17.4^bcd	221	134±5.4^abc	72	23.8±7.0^a	85	35.4±6.1^ab	84
	35	502±18.8^d	246	123±5.2^a	65	28.4±9.8^ab	128	47.1±9.8^b	125

	Days	LF (nu)		HF (nu)		LF/HF
	Days	Mean±SEM	Range	Mean±SEM	Range	Mean±SEM	Range
Records before calving	35	65±16.4^abcde	50	42.6±24.2^abc	75	3.5±1.1	7.5
	28	74±10.5^bcde	83	51.4±12.2^abc	71	2.8±0.8	6.2
	21	54.3±5.8^abc	34	69.6±9.5^bc	61	0.8±0.2	1.4
	14	44.6±6^ab	31	75.4±5.7^bc	33	0.6±0.1	1
	7	56.8±10.8^abcd	65	67.6±10.6a^bc	63	2.1±0.9	9.7
	1	41.1±9.6^a	64	79.2±4.6^c	34	0.9±0.1	2
Records after calving	1	87.0±2.5^e	34	30.9±5.9^a	77	6.0±1.6	25
	7	83.3±3.8^de	53	29.4±6.0^a	82	6.1±1.6	27.5
	14	81.7±3.7b^cde	44	35.6±5.2^ab	69	4.1±1.2	20.8
	21	89.9±2.7^e	44	28.1±4.7^a	57	6.0±1.4	20.1
	28	82.1±4.4^cde	70	36.9±6.5^ab	90	5.3±1.5	17.7
	35	80.5±4.4^cde	46	37.5±6.7^ab	85	3.7±1.2	17.5

Days		Before calving						After calving
Days		35	28	21	14	7	1	1
LH/HF	Mean±SEM	13.8±6.4^ab	19.7±5^ab	21.7±4.8^ab	32.6±4.5^b	17.2±4.2^ab	15.6±4.1^ab	10.04±4.3^a
LH/HF	Range	28.8	44.8	60.5	106.5	62.4	67.6	61.4
RR	Mean±SEM	849±37	776±25	783±29	802±26	790±18	781±33	749±21
RR	Range	347	312	324	409	259	519	321
SDNN	Mean±SEM	30.7±3.7^ab	25.3±2.9^a	34±2.8^ab	38±2.6^b	30.7±3.7^ab	28.8±2.7^ab	23.7±2.5^a
SDNN	Range	26.9	16.9	31.8	42.4	40.2	50.4	27.1
HR	Mean±SEM	71±3	78±3	77±3	76±2	76±2	80±3	79±3
HR	Range	30	32	31	38	25	45	36
RMSSD	Mean±SEM	12.4±1.7	10.9±1	12.1±1.4	11.4±1.1	11.7±1.3	10.2±1.6	13.9±1
RMSSD	Range	13.1	11.3	17.1	17.2	23.3	24	28.7
LF	Mean±SEM	92.1±2.7	91.3±2.4	91.6±2.2	91.5±2.5	87.9±3.7	85.2±2.7	79.9±3.5
LF	Range	23.5	31.7	30.4	38.5	55.2	39.7	41.5
HF	Mean±SEM	9.3±2.9	8.3±2.3	8±2.1	8.2±2.5	14.6±3.7	16.9±4.5	19.8±3.5
HF	Range	21.9	30.7	29.4	38.5	54.6	89.1	41.5