The economic impact, epidemiology and control of plant poisonings in Brazil are reviewed. With the data obtained from diagnostic laboratories from different Brazilian regions, annual losses due to animal deaths are estimated in approximately 820.761 to 1.755.763 cattle, 399.800 to 445.309 sheep, 52.675 to 63.292 goats, and 38.559 horses. In Brazil toxic plants include 131 species within 79 genera, but this number is increasing continuously. However, most economic losses are caused by few plants including Palicourea marcgravii, Amorimia spp., Senecio spp., Pteridium aquilinum, Ateleia glazioviana and Cestrum laevigatum in cattle, Brachiaria spp. in cattle and sheep, Nierembergia veitchii, Mimosa tenuiflora and Ipomoea asarifolia in sheep, swainsonine-containing plants (Ipomoea carnea, Turbina cordata and Sida carpinifolia) in goats, and Brachiaria humidicola and Crotalaria retusa in horses. The main factors that determine the occurrence and frequency of plant poisoning include palatability, hunger, thirst, social facilitation, unawareness of the plant, access to toxic plants, toxic dose, ingestion period, variations in toxicity, and animal resistance/susceptibility. The results obtained in Brazil with the use of biological control, conditioned food aversion, selection of non-toxic varieties of forages, use of resistant animals to poisoning, and techniques to induce resistance are described.
Poisonous plants control; economic impact; epidemiology; resistance; conditioned food aversion; biologic control