References |
Plant species |
Method of samplinga
|
Levels of protodioscina |
Mustafa et al. (2012)Mustafa V.S., Moscardini A.R.C., Borges J.R.J., Reckziegel G.C., Riet-Correa F. & Castro M.B. 2012. Intoxicação natural por Brachiaria spp. em ovinos no Brasil Central. Pesq. Vet. Bras. 32(12):1272-1280. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2012001200010> https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X201200...
|
Brachiaria spp.
|
Every 15 days, 2cm cuts the soil, ten random locations |
0.3-2.56% |
Pupin et al. (2016)Pupin R.C., Melo G.K.A., Heckler R.F., Faccin T.C., Ítavo C.C.B.F., Fernandes C.E.C., Gomes D.C. & Lemos R.A.A. 2016. Identification of lamb flocks susceptible and resistant against Brachiaria poisoning. Pesq. Vet. Bras. 36(5):383-388. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2016000500005> https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X201600...
|
Every 28 days, simulating grazing |
0.44-1.81% |
Diamantino et al. (2018)Diamantino G.M.L., Biscoto G.L., Pedroza H.P., Amorim R.N.L., Keller K.M., Melo M.M. & Soto-Blanco B. 2018. Liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight- mass spectrometry (QTOF/MS) assay for quantification of protodioscina in Brachiaria grasses. Toxicon 155:61-65. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.10.008> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.1...
|
Not informed |
0.71-1.12% |
Melo et al. (2018)Melo G.K.A., Ítavo C.C.B.F., Silva J.A., Monteiro K.L.S., Faccin T.C., Pupin R.C., Heckler R.F., Ítavo L.C.V., Silva P.C.G., Leal P.V. & Lemos R.A.A. 2018. Poisoning by Brachiaria spp. in suckling lambs supplemented and unsupplemented in a creep-feeding system. Small Rumin. Res. 158:30-34. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.11.014> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.20...
|
Every 28 days, randomly, with a 0.25m² square |
0.3-1.3% |
Melo et al. (2019a)Melo G.K.A., Silva W.J., Pupin R.C., Heckler R.F., Nonato L.M., Ítavo C.C.B.F., Ferreira V.B.N. & Lemos R.A.A. 2019a. Comparison of two collection methods to determine protodioscin concentrations in Brachiaria spp. and to monitor Brachiaria spp. poisoning. Pesq. Vet. Bras. 39(9):710-714. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-6226> https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-62...
|
Metallic square in 10 random points, simulating grazing |
0.42-1.81% |
Melo et al. (2019b)Melo G.K.A., Silva W.J., Pupin R.C., Heckler R.F., Nonato L.M., Ítavo C.C.B.F., Ferreira V.B.N. & Lemos R.A.A. 2019b. Poisoning by Brachiaria spp. In various lamb breeds at increasing levels of supplementation during growth. Pesq. Vet. Bras. 39(12):978-982. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-6478> https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-64...
|
Ten samples every 28 days, with 0.5x0.5m square, close to the ground |
1,04-2.17% |
Brum et al. (2007)Brum K.B., Haraguchi M., Lemos R.A.A., Riet-Correa F. & Fioravanti M.C.S. 2007. Crystal-associated cholangiopathy in sheep grazing Brachiaria decumbens containing the saponin protodioscin. Pesq. Vet. Bras. 27(1):39-42. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2007000100007> https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X200700...
|
B. decumbens
|
Cuts close to the ground, at 20 points |
1.63-2.36% |
Brum et al. (2009)Brum K.B., Haraguchi M., Garutti M.B., Nóbrega F.N., Rosa B. & Fioravanti M.C.S. 2009. Steroidal saponin concentrations in Brachiaria decumbens and B. Brizantha at different developmental stages. Ciência Rural 39(1):279-281. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782008005000034> https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-8478200800...
|
At four different stages, cuts at 3cm from the soilb
|
0.8-1.,9% |
De Oliveira et al. (2013)De Oliveira C.H.S., Barbosa J.D., Oliveira C.M.C., Bastianetto E., Melo M.M., Haraguchi M., Freitas L.G.L., Silva M.X. & Leite R.C. 2013. Hepatic photosensitization in buffaloes intoxicated by Brachiaria decumbens in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Toxicon 73:121-129. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.07.001> <PMid:23850427> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.0...
|
Harvest by hand, simulating grazing at random points |
3.24-3.54% |
Porto et al. (2013)Porto M.R., Saturnino K.C., Lima E.M.M., Lee S.T., Lemos R.A.A., Marcolongo-Pereira C., Riet-Correa F. & Castro M.B. 2013. Avaliação da exposição solar na intoxicação experimental por Brachiaria decumbens em ovinos. Pesq. Vet. Bras. 33(8):1009-1015. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2013000800011> https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X201300...
|
Every 15 days, 2cm cuts of soil, 10 random locations |
0.94% |
Gracindo et al. (2014)Gracindo C.V., Louvandini H., Riet-Correa F., Barbosa-Ferreira M. & Castro M.B. 2014. Performance of sheep grazing in pastures of Brachiaria decumbens, Brachiaria brizantha, Panicum maximum, and Andropogon gayanus with different protodioscin concentrations. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 46(5):733-737. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0556-y> <PMid:24557590> https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0556-...
|
Every 15 days, 2cm cuts from the ground in 10 points with 1m² |
0.33-1.22% |
Lozano et al. (2017)Lozano M., Martinez N. & Diaz G. 2017. Content of the saponin protodioscin in Brachiaria spp. from the Eastern Plains of Colombia. Toxins 9(7):220. <https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins9070220> <PMid:28703748> https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9070220...
|
Collection at three points of 1m², simulating grazing |
0.59-2.99% |
Castro et al. (2018)Castro M.B., Gracindo C.V., Landi M.F.A., Cabral Filho S.L.S., Resende Filho N.J., Lima E.M.M. & Riet-Correa F. 2018. Sheep adaptation management, and investigation of inherited resistance to prevent Brachiaria spp. poisoning. Small Rumin. Res. 158:42-47. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.12.001> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.20...
|
Air-dried samples every 15 days |
0.62-1.18% |
Lelis et al. (2018)Lelis D.L., Rennó L.N., Chizzotti M.L., Pereira C.E.R., Silva J.C.P., Moreira L.G.T., Carvalho F.B.P. & Chizzotti F.H.M. 2018. Photosensitization in naïve sheep grazing signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) under full sunlight or a silvopastoral system. Small Rumin. Res. 169:24-28. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.08.018> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.20...
|
Six samples every 28 days with a 0.25m² metal square, cut at 5cm from the ground |
0.9-0.37% |
Present study |
Five times during 28 days at 10 different points, simulating grazing |
7.09% |
Brum et al. (2009)Brum K.B., Haraguchi M., Garutti M.B., Nóbrega F.N., Rosa B. & Fioravanti M.C.S. 2009. Steroidal saponin concentrations in Brachiaria decumbens and B. Brizantha at different developmental stages. Ciência Rural 39(1):279-281. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782008005000034> https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-8478200800...
|
B. brizantha
|
In four different stages, cut 3cm from the groundb
|
0.5-2.1% |
Ferreira et al. (2011)Ferreira M.B., Brum K.B., Fernandes C.E., Martins C.F., Pinto G.S., Castro V.S., Rezende K.G., Riet-Correa F., Haraguchi M., Wysocki H.L. & Lemos R.A.A. 2011. Variation in saponin concentration in Brachiaria brizantha leaves as a function of maturation: preliminar data, p.118-123. In: Riet-Correa F., Pfister J., Schild A.L. & Wierenga T.L. (Eds), Poisoning by Plants, Mycotoxins and Related Toxins. CAB International, Wallingford.
|
Five weekly leaf collections at different stages of maturation for 60 days |
0.30-4.65% |
Lima et al. (2012)Lima F.G.D., Haraguchi M., Pifster J.A., Guimarães V.Y., Andrade D.F., Ribeiro C.S., Costa G.L., Araujo A.L.L. & Fioravanti M.C.S. 2012. Weather and plant age affect the levels of steroidal saponin and Pithomyces chartarum spores in Brachiaria grass. Int. J. Poisonous Plant Res. 2:45-53.
|
Fresh plants, dry hay and hay after storage, dried at 65oC for 72 hours |
0.86-1.87% |
Faccin et al. (2014)Faccin T.C., Riet-Correa F., Rodrigues F.S., Santos A.C., Melo G.K.A., Silva J.A., Ferreira R., Ítavo C.C.B.F. & Lemos R.A.A. 2014. Poisoning by Brachiaria brizantha in flocks of naïve and experienced sheep. Toxicon 82:1-8. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.02.008> <PMid:24561120> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.0...
|
Young, mature and senescent leaves collected at 10 points every 14 days |
0.87-2.58% |
Gracindo et al. (2014)Gracindo C.V., Louvandini H., Riet-Correa F., Barbosa-Ferreira M. & Castro M.B. 2014. Performance of sheep grazing in pastures of Brachiaria decumbens, Brachiaria brizantha, Panicum maximum, and Andropogon gayanus with different protodioscin concentrations. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 46(5):733-737. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0556-y> <PMid:24557590> https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0556-...
|
Every 15 days, cuts 2cm from the ground in 10 points with 1m² |
0.28-0.91 |
Lozano et al. (2017)Lozano M., Martinez N. & Diaz G. 2017. Content of the saponin protodioscin in Brachiaria spp. from the Eastern Plains of Colombia. Toxins 9(7):220. <https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins9070220> <PMid:28703748> https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9070220...
|
Collection at three points of 1m², simulating grazing |
0.47-1.81% |
Castro et al. (2018)Castro M.B., Gracindo C.V., Landi M.F.A., Cabral Filho S.L.S., Resende Filho N.J., Lima E.M.M. & Riet-Correa F. 2018. Sheep adaptation management, and investigation of inherited resistance to prevent Brachiaria spp. poisoning. Small Rumin. Res. 158:42-47. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.12.001> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.20...
|
Air-dried samples every 15 days |
0.74% |
Present study |
Five times during 28 days, at 10 different points, simulating grazing |
1.04% |
Castro et al. (2018)Castro M.B., Gracindo C.V., Landi M.F.A., Cabral Filho S.L.S., Resende Filho N.J., Lima E.M.M. & Riet-Correa F. 2018. Sheep adaptation management, and investigation of inherited resistance to prevent Brachiaria spp. poisoning. Small Rumin. Res. 158:42-47. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.12.001> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.20...
|
B. humidicola
|
Air-dried samples every 15 days |
0.11% |
Diamantino et al. (2020)Diamantino G.M.L., Pierezan P., Ferreira M.I.C., Rocha W.S.D., Veiga V.M.O., Martins C.E., Veiga M.O. & Soto-Blanco B. 2020. Photosensitization by Brachiaria ruziziensis in a sheep herd. Toxicon 185:1-4. <https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.06.022> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.0...
|
B. ruziziensis
|
Sixty-six collects at three different growth stages: bud, leaves and senescence |
0.004-0.19% |