Sinonasal neoplasms in 49 dogs: clinical, macroscopic, and histopathological aspects

Ricaldi, Giulia F.S.; Hennig, Morgana M.; Tondo, Luís A.S.; Irigoyen, Luiz F.; Fighera, Rafael A.; Flores, Mariana M.; Kommers, Glaucia D.

doi:10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-6638

ABSTRACT:

This study aimed to quantify nasosinusal neoplasms diagnosed in dogs in 20 years (2000-2019) and characterize the main clinical, macroscopic, and histological aspects of these neoplasms. The sex, breed, age, skull conformation, the main clinical signs, and the anatomopathological characteristics (distribution, macroscopy, and histology) were computed. During this period, 49 dogs were affected by neoplasms in these regions, totaling 50 neoplasms (one dog had two neoplasms of different locations and histogenetic origins). Similar amounts of mixed-breed dogs (25/49) and purebred dogs (24/49) were affected, these distributed in 16 breeds. Among purebreds, it was noted that dogs with mesocephalic cranial conformation (12/24) were the most affected, followed by dolichocephalic (10/24) and brachycephalic (2/24). There were 22 cases in males and 27 in females, making a proportion of 1:1.23. There was an age variation from 11 months to 16 years old. The epithelial neoplasms have occurred in older dogs compared to those of other histogenic origins (mesenchymal and other origins/round cells). The main clinical signs were similar between the histogenetic categories, related to the involvement of the upper respiratory tract, sometimes accompanied by nervous signs (when there was brain invasion of nasal neoplasms or vice versa). The possible origin site was mostly in the nasal cavity concerning the paranasal sinuses (and other locations). Invasions occurred in different tissues adjacent to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, resulting in cranial and facial deformities (21/49). The frequency was 48% of epithelial neoplasms, 32% of mesenchymal neoplasms, and 10% of neoplasms with other origins and round cells. The neoplasms most frequently observed, in decreasing order of frequency, were: adenocarcinoma (9/50), squamous cell carcinoma (9/50), transmissible venereal tumor (5/50), osteosarcoma (5/50), chondrosarcoma (4/50), and undifferentiated sarcoma (4/50). Through this study, it was possible to establish the frequency of these neoplasms in 20 years and their clinical, macroscopic, and histological characteristics.

INDEX TERMS:
Sinonasal neoplasm; dogs; clinic; macroscopy; histopathology; nasal cavity; paranasal sinuses; upper respiratory tract; canine

[1] *Corresponding author: glaukommers@yahoo.com

Neoplasm	No. of cases (%)	Distribution
Adenocarcinoma	9 (18%)	⁽³⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, frontal sinus ^I, jaw ^I and nasal bone ^I
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, frontal sinus ^I, nasal bone ^I, palate ^I and gum ^I
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, soft palate ^I, brain ^I and frontal sinus ^I
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, hard palate ^I, lung ^M and submandibular lymph node ^M
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, nasal bone ^I, palate ^I, nasopharynx ^I and lung ^M
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal sinus ^PL, frontal bone ^I, temporal bone ^I and temporal muscles ^I *
Squamous cell carcinoma	9 (18%)	⁽²⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, brain ^I, soft palate ^I, and lung ^M
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, hard palate ^I, soft palate ^I, and jaw ^I
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and jaw ^I
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, frontal bone ^I and nasal bone ^I
		⁽¹⁾ Palate ^PL, frontal sinus ^I and jaw ^I
		⁽¹⁾ Nostril ^PL, nasal cavity ^I, nasal plane ^I, nasopharynx ^I and frontal sinus ^I
		⁽¹⁾ Skin ^PL and nasal cavity ^I
Transitional carcinoma	2 (4%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and adrenal ^M
Transitional carcinoma	2 (4%)	⁽¹⁾ Frontal sinus ^PL, frontal bone ^I, parietal bone ^I, brain ^I and retropharyngeal lymph nodes ^M
Undifferentiated carcinoma	2 (4%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL
Undifferentiated carcinoma	2 (4%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and frontal sinus ^I
Adenosquamous carcinoma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, frontal sinus ^I, frontal bone ^I, parietal bone ^I and brain ^I
Neuroendocrine carcinoma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, nasal bone ^I, jaw ^I, frontal bone ^I, brain ^I and frontal sinus ^I
TOTAL	24/50 (48%)

Neoplasm		Main macroscopic and histological characteristics
Adenocarcinoma	M	Whitish, yellowish, and brownish masses and nodules, mostly friable, soft, firm, and mostly multilobular. Cystic areas when cutting.
Adenocarcinoma	H	Polyhedral, cuboid or pleomorphic cells, forming acini with single or multiple layers and, sometimes, solid areas. Scarce to abundant cytoplasm. Round and oval nuclei, with loose chromatin and evident nucleoli.
Squamous cell carcinoma	M	Whitish to yellowish mass, sometimes pink or brownish, ranging from soft to firm.
Squamous cell carcinoma	H	Polyhedral cells are grouped in cords, nests, and islands. Abundant cytoplasm. Round to oval nuclei, with loose chromatin and evident nucleoli. There are areas with individual keratinization and others with the formation of keratin pearls.
Transitional carcinoma	M	Whitish to light pink and firm mass, sometimes with cystic areas with dark brown content.
Transitional carcinoma	H	Polyhedral cells forming acini. The cytoplasm is abundant. Polyhedral nuclei, round or elongated, central, with densely aggregated, loose, or vesicular chromatin.
Undifferentiated carcinoma	M	Whitish with reddish areas, ranging from soft to firm.
Undifferentiated carcinoma	H	Round polyhedral cells are grouped in the mantle. Abundant cytoplasm. Round nuclei with loose to vesicular chromatin and evident nucleoli.
Adenosquamous carcinoma	M	Whitish mass with yellowish and soft areas.
Adenosquamous carcinoma	H	Polyhedral cells forming single-walled acini. Moderate cytoplasm. Large, round, and oval core with loose chromatin. Presence of lamellar keratin (“keratin pearls”).
Neuroendocrine carcinoma	M	Whitish, soft, friable, and multilobulated mass.
Neuroendocrine carcinoma	H	Polyhedral cells are grouped in the mantle. Vacuolated cytoplasm. Round, oval or reniform nuclei with markedly aggregated chromatin.

Neoplasm	No. of cases (%)	Distribution
Chondrosarcoma	4 (8%)	⁽²⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and hard palate ^I
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and palate ^I
Undifferentiated sarcoma	4 (8%)	⁽²⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and pharynx ^I
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^MC, skin ^MC, mammary gland ^MC, myocardium ^MC, lymph nodes ^MC, lungs ^MC, mediastinum ^MC, hard palate ^MC, abdominal lump ^MC, kidneys ^MC, ovaries ^MC, skeletal muscles ^MC, pharynx ^MC, brain ^MC and submandibular lymph nodes ^MC
Osteosarcoma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL
Chondroblastic osteosarcoma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Jaw ^PL, nasal cavity ^I and lung ^M
Osteoblastic osteosarcoma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Jaw ^PL, nasal cavity ^I and hard palate ^I
Telangiectatic osteosarcoma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Hard palate ^PL and nasal cavity ^I
Giant cell-type osteosarcoma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and facial muscles ^I
Giant cell bone tumor	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and oral cavity ^I
Fibrosarcoma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and facial muscles ^I
Hemangiosarcoma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL
TOTAL	16/50 (32%)

Neoplasm		Main macroscopic and histological characteristics
Chondrosarcoma	M	Masses ranging from whitish to yellowish and sometimes reddish, mostly firm and less often soft, usually with an uneven surface.
Chondrosarcoma	H	Cells are spindle-shaped, polyhedral, round, or oval. Cytoplasm from scarce to abundant. Oval or round nuclei, elongated or reniform, with loose chromatin and evident nucleoli. Chondroid matrix formation areas.
Undifferentiated sarcoma	M	Whitish and reddish, friable, and irregular mass.
Undifferentiated sarcoma	H	Round cells grouped in the mantle. Scarce to abundant cytoplasm. Round, central nuclei with dense chromatin.
Osteosarcoma	M	Blackened, friable, and firm or hard fragments.
Osteosarcoma	H	Cells are round, polygonal, or starry, forming mantles. Abundant cytoplasm. Core with loose chromatin and evident nucleolus. Osteoid matrix, sometimes mineralized.
Chondroblastic osteosarcoma	M	Whitish, firm, and finely cross-linked mass.
Chondroblastic osteosarcoma	H	Pleomorphic cells are grouped in the mantle. Moderate cytoplasm. Round, oval or polyhedral nuclei with loose chromatin and evident nucleoli. Streaked by myxoid stroma. Presence of osteoid and chondroid matrix.
Osteoblastic osteosarcoma	M	Whitish, multilobulated, and soft mass
Osteoblastic osteosarcoma	H	Rounded polyhedral cells grouped in cords, groups, and mantles. Moderate cytoplasm. Round to oval nuclei with loose chromatin and evident nucleoli. With a small amount of bone matrix, sometimes mineralized.
Telangiectatic osteosarcoma	M	Whitish nodule with reddish areas, smooth and regular.
Telangiectatic osteosarcoma	H	Pleomorphic, elongated, oval, and round cells grouped in mantles. Scarce cytoplasm. Round, large nuclei with loose chromatin and nucleoli evident. A large number of newly formed vessels in the middle of the neoplastic cells.
Giant cell-type osteosarcoma	M	Reddish mass.
Giant cell-type osteosarcoma	H	Rounded polyhedral cells are arranged in mantles (anaplastic osteoblasts). Moderate cytoplasm. Round nuclei with finely dotted chromatin and evident nucleoli. Large numbers of giant cells are observed. Interwoven with a small amount of non-mineralized osteoid matrix.
Giant cell bone tumor	M	Invasive and ulcerated mass.
Giant cell bone tumor	H	Polygonal and spindle cells forming mantles and spindles, respectively. Moderate cytoplasm. Oval to elongated nuclei with loose chromatin and evident nucleoli. With multinucleated giant cells interspersed. Mineralized and non-mineralized osteoid matrix.
Hemangiosarcoma	M	Brownish, regular, friable, and soft plate.
Hemangiosarcoma	H	Fusiform and polyhedral cells are grouped in mantles, cords, and bundles. Scarce cytoplasm. Elongated and rounded nuclei, central with loose chromatin and evident nucleoli.

Neoplasm	No. of cases (%)	Distribution
Transmissible venereal tumor	5 (10%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and oral cavity ^I
		⁽²⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and hard palate ^I
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, soft palate ^I and skin ^I
Psammomatous meningioma	2 (4%)	⁽²⁾ Brain ^PL and nasal cavity ^I
Anaplastic meningioma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Brain ^PL, nasal cavity ^I, nasal septum ^I, jaw bone ^I, the lacrimal bone ^I, and left orbit ^I
Olfactory neuroblastoma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and brain ^I
T-cell lymphoma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, brain ^I and submandibular lymph nodes ^M
TOTAL	10/50 (20%)

Brasil

Brasil

Sinonasal neoplasms in 49 dogs: clinical, macroscopic, and histopathological aspects

Neoplasmas nasossinusais em 49 cães: aspectos clínicos, macroscópicos e histopatológicos

ABSTRACT:

Neoplasm		Macroscopic and histological characteristics
Transmissible venereal tumor	M	Mostly whitish nodules and masses, sometimes reddish, soft, and multilobulated (with the appearance of cauliflower).
Transmissible venereal tumor	H	Round cells are arranged in a mantle. Abundant and vacuolated cytoplasm (ranging from finely to markedly). Round, large, central nuclei with loose chromatin and evident nucleoli.
Psammomatous meningioma	M	Masses ranging from whitish to reddish and soft in the olfactory bulb.
Psammomatous meningioma	H	Spindle cells grouping into islands, nests, and bundles forming swirls. Moderate to abundant cytoplasm. Round to oval nuclei with loose chromatin and few evident nucleoli. Among the neoplastic cells, there are concentric aggregates of basophilic material (psammomatous bodies).
Anaplastic meningioma	M	Irregular, soft, and whitish mass.
Anaplastic meningioma	H	Round cells in mantle. Scarce to moderate cytoplasm with very distinct cytoplasmic limits. Round nuclei, with condensed chromatin and evident nucleoli.
Olfactory neuroblastoma	M	Whitish, soft mass.
Olfactory neuroblastoma	H	Polyhedral cells forming mantles, rosettes, and microcysts. Scarce cytoplasm with indistinct boundaries. Round to oval, hyperchromatic cores with finely granular chromatin.
Lymphoma (T-cell)	M	Left side: reddish to blackish soft mass with gelatinous areas. Right side: white and soft mass.
Lymphoma (T-cell)	H	Round cells are arranged in mantles. Scarce cytoplasm. The nuclei are round and sometimes reniform with evident nucleoli.