SCREENING OF <i>Schinus terebinthifolia</i> RADDI FRUIT BY ACCESS OF ITS FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL CAPACITY AND METAL CONTENT

Sauthier, Maria C. da S.; Santos, Walter N. L. dos; Caldas, Jamile da C.; Silva, Isaac M. de J.; Souza Júnior, José J. C. L. de; Neta, Lourdes C. de Souza; Ribeiro, Luiz A. F.

doi:10.21577/0100-4042.20250036

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Article • Quím. Nova 48 (2) • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.21577/0100-4042.20250036 copy

SCREENING OF Schinus terebinthifolia RADDI FRUIT BY ACCESS OF ITS FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL CAPACITY AND METAL CONTENT

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Fruits of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi were investigated. A fast and efficient method for the simultaneous determination of 11 polyphenolic substances by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was applied. Limits of quantification ranged between 0.78 and 3.14 mg L^-1. High concentrations of kaempferol were found. An exploratory evaluation was performed using principal component analysis (PCA) for fruit origin differentiation. Total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 274 to 517 mg GAE 100 g^-1; total flavonoid content (TFC) ranged from 101 to 283 mg QE 100 g^-1. In vitro analyses showed that antioxidant capacity with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) ranged from 1.7 to 7 µM DPPH 100 g^-1. The bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect were also evaluated against: Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella choleraesuis, Candida albicans and C. glabrata, using broth microdilution assay. It can be inferred that S. terebinthifolia Raddi fruit has the potential to act as an ally in the search for new alternatives in the action against pathogens, and it can be used as a potential natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. Metals (Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn) were also determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), with emphasis on high concentrations of Mg, Zn and Fe.

Keywords:
Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi; bioactive compounds; HPLC-DAD; antioxidant and antimicrobial activity; metals.

Sample	TPC / (mg GAE 100 g^-1)	TFC / (mg QE 100 g^-1)	DPPH (× 10^-3) / (µM DPPH 100 g^-1 DW)
M	517.08^a ± 5.18	100.97^d ± 2.75	7.10^a ± 0.25
C	372.26^b ± 6.20	240.53^c ± 2.50	1.58^b ± 0.25
I	274.37^d ± 10.86	201.06^c ± 2.78	1.94^b ± 0.42
A	328.37^c ± 7.05	239.42^b ± 9.78	2.06^b ± 0.06
N	367.87^b ± 1.67	283.35^a ± 4.32	1.70^b ± 0.59

Sample	Concentration / (mg 100 g^-1 DW)
Sample	Catechin	Rutin	Quercetin	Kaempferol
M	61.56^b ± 0.37	14.56^d ± 0.67	0.68^d ± 0.002	753.16^d ± 15.53
C	14.29^c ± 0.01	9.31^b ± 0.04	1.13^b ± 0.03	237.64^d ± 1.01
I	56.62^e ± 0.41	3.30^c ± 0.05	0.58^c ± 0.001	154.36^c ± 0.05
A	36.29^a ± 0.13	12.72^a ± 0.05	5.42^d ± 0.11	702.18^a ± 13.49
N	40.55^d ± 0.85	11.80^b ± 0.22	3.37^a ± 0.02	154.02^b ± 0.73

Sample	Concentration / (mg 100 g^-1 DW)
Sample	GA	ClA	CA	pCA	SA	EA	VA
M	197.20^d ± 2.93	27.58^e ± 0.55	46.29^c ± 0.41	7.78^d ± 0.002	11.47^d ± 0.08	54.43^d ± 0.22	9.57^d ± 0.57
C	355.67^a ± 7.20	17.6^a ± 0.59	1.81^c ± 0.002	2.54^c ± 0.01	30.41^a ± 0.19	142.44^a ± 1.88	9.68^d ± 0.77
I	137.78^b ± 0.43	5.19^c ± 0.12	1.70^c ± 0.02	3.63^e ± 0.03	1.07^b ± 0.02	100.72^b ± 0.70	34.56^c ± 0.86
A	36.23^c ± 4.47	11.71^b ± 0.12	48.09^b ± 0.82	6.66^a ± 0.01	11.71^c ± 0.02	93.93^c ± 0.47	40.34^b ± 0.54
N	441.36^e ± 3.27	33.61^d ± 0.46	3.11^a ± 0.02	4.34^b ± 0.008	51.62^c ± 0.03	100.31^b ± 0.95	87.52^a ± 1.23

Sample	Microorganism MIC^a a Active samples were those with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ≤ 468.75 µg mL-1; stock control solutions: chloramphenicol: 100 µg mL-1; gentamicin: 20 µg mL-1; ciclopirox olamine: 200 µg mL-1; benzylpenicillin: 20 µg mL-1. MBC: minimum bactericidal concentration; MFC: minimum fungicidal concentration; M: Mangabeira; C: Cabula; I: Itapuã; A: Arembepe; N: Nazaré. The MIC value was determined by the absence of turbidity in three independent wells of a 96‑well plate. No difference was observed in MIC values determined in independent wells for each tested sample. (MBC and MFC) / (μg mL^-1)
Sample	S. aureus	S. epidermidis	B. subtilis	B. cereus	S. choleraesuis	C. albicans
A	> 468.75	58.59 (> 7.500)	> 468.75	468.75 (> 7.500)	> 468.75	234.37 (> 7,500)
N	468.75 (> 7,500)	58.59 (> 7,500)	468.75 (468.75)	234.37 (1875)	468.75 (468.75)	234.37 (> 7,500)
I	> 468.75	117.18 (> 7,500)	> 468.75	468.75 (> 7,500)	58.59 (58.59)	234.37 (> 7,500)
C	> 468.75	58.59 (> 7,500)	> 468.75	234.37 (1875)	468.75 (> 7,500)	234.37 (> 7,500)
M	234.37 (> 7,500)	58.59 (937.5)	234.37 (> 7,500)	58.59 (> 7,500)	234.37 (937.5)	117.18 (> 7,500)
Chloramphenicol	3.12 (> 25)	3.12 (> 25)	1.56 (< 1.56)	3.12 (< 6.25)
Benzylpenicillin	0.03 (> 2.5)	2.5 (> 2.5)	0.07 (< 0.78)
Gentamicin					0.04 (< 0.08)
Ciclopirox olamine						12.5 (> 50)

Sample	Concentration / (µg g^-1)
Sample	Cu	Fe	Zn	Mn	Mg
A	9.12 ± 1.74	74.1 ± 14.2	10.41 ± 1.77	< LOQ	786.0 ± 72.1
C	8.71 ± 18.7	35.6 ± 3.8	12.70 ± 2.22	< LOQ	670.0 ± 78.2
N	12.56 ± 3.97	52.4 ± 4.2	13.91 ± 1.77	8.20 ± 3.02	834.0 ± 130.1
I	< LOQ	45.3 ± 5.6	11.00 ± 2.10	14.15 ± 2.50	1175.6 ± 101.3
M	< LOQ	44.2 ± 8.7	10.10 ± 2.22	14.50 ± 0.63	1060.9 ± 337.4

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