UNVEILING THE NUTRITIONAL POTENTIAL OF STAR FRUIT (<i>AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA</i>): <i>IN VITRO</i> BIOACCESSIBILITY STUDY

Kamioka, Tatiana L.; Xavier, Alexsandra D. S.; Coelho, Alana C. B.; Nogueira, Angerson

doi:10.21577/0100-4042.20230112

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Article • Quím. Nova 47 (3) • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.21577/0100-4042.20230112 copy

UNVEILING THE NUTRITIONAL POTENTIAL OF STAR FRUIT (AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA): IN VITRO BIOACCESSIBILITY STUDY

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

A method was developed for quantifying the concentrations of Ca, Fe, Mg, and Zn in star fruit. An in vitro assay was used to evaluate the bioaccessibility of these elements after a simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The results showed that the total elemental concentration in star fruit were 78-186.2 mg kg^-1 for Ca, 92.1-148.1 mg kg^-1 for Mg, below the limit of detection for Fe and Zn. The bioaccessibility of Ca and Mg was 40 and 58%, respectively. These bioaccessibility percentages were attributed to the presence of an antinutrient in star fruit that promotes precipitation of insoluble compounds during the in vitro assay. Based on the data from gastrointestinal digestion assay, it is possible to conclude that star fruit intake can supply 1.6-2.04% and 11.2-19.6% of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of Ca and Mg, respectively.

Keywords:
essential elements; calcium; magnesium; iron; zinc.

Element	λ (nm)	Lamp	Current (mA)	Height (mm)	Operation mode	Gas flow^c (mL min^-1)
Ca	422.7	HCL^b b Hollow cathode lamp.	26	0.8	Monoelemental	1.5
Fe	248.3	HCL^b b Hollow cathode lamp.	9	5	Monoelemental	1.5
Mg	285.2	HCL^b b Hollow cathode lamp.	26	0.8	Monoelemental	1.0
Zn	213.9	HCL^b b Hollow cathode lamp.	26	6	Monoelemental	1.0

Method evaluation
Element	Linear range (mg L^-1)	LOD (µg g^-1)	LOQ (µg g^-1)	Addition (mg L^-1)	Found (mg L^-1)	Recovery (%)
Ca	0.4-19.5	1.98	6.61	10	9.76 ± 0.6	97.6
Fe	1.0-5.0	3.60	12	1	1.04	104
Mg	0.3-2.44	0.31	1.23	1	1.00 ± 0.02	100.1
Zn	1.0-5.0	3.35	11.2	1	1.03	103
CRM analysis
Element	Certified value		Found value		t calculated	t critical
Ca	1.56		1.60 ± 0.03		3.464	4.303
Fe	218		222 ± 1		4.157	4.303
Mg	0.43		0.42 ± 0.01		3.214	4.303
Zn	17.9		17 ± 1		3.154	4.303

Star fruits
Element	F1 (µg g^-1)	F2 (µg g^-1)	F3 (µg g^-1)	F4 (µg g^-1)	F5 (µg g^-1)	F6 (µg g^-1)	F7 (µg g^-1)
Ca	105.6 ± 1.5	78.0 ± 3	132.1 ± 4	122.8 ± 5.1	158.5 ± 0.1	105.1 ± 8.7	186.2 ± 0.5
Fe	< LOD	< LOD	< LOD	< LOD	< LOD	< LOD	< LOD
Mg	93.6 ± 1.7	92.1 ± 7.9	103.8 ± 0.5	106.6 ± 2.6	132.6 ± 0.4	146.1 ± 6.7	148.1 ± 4.8
Zn	< LOD	< LOD	< LOD	< LOD	< LOD	< LOD	< LOD

Sample	[Ca]_total (mg kg^-1)	[Ca]_{bioaccessible} (mg kg^-1)	Bioaccessibility (% Ca)	[Mg]_total (mg kg^-1)	[Mg]_{bioaccessible} (mg kg^-1)	Bioaccessibility (% Mg)
F1	105.59 ± 1.51	43.3 ± 2	41.0	93.58 ± 1.71	52.88 ± 0.31	56.5
F2	77.96 ± 3.64	32.4 ± 1.3	41.6	92.14 ± 7.93	65.87 ± 0.30	71.5
F3	132.09 ± 3.92	56.1 ± 3.1	30.2	103.75 ± 0.51	63.83 ± 0.56	61.5
F4	122.8 ± 5.09	37.1 ± 2	43.1	106.64 ± 2.56	70.28 ± 2.01	65.9
F5	158.50 ± 0.04	68.3 ± 0.8	43.1	132.60 ± 0.37	62.80 ± 0.38	47.4
F6	105.12 ± 8.73	70.1 ± 3.1	42.4	146.10 ± 6.67	81.14 ± 7.22	55.5
F7	186.15 ± 0.50	76.3 ± 2.3	41.0	148.10 ± 4.78	72.70 ± 4.22	49.1

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