Renewable resources
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Sun |
J |
5.72E+13 |
1 |
6 |
6.6 |
|
2 |
Rain. chemical energy |
J |
1.33E+11 |
3.10E+04 |
413 |
475.3 |
0.034 |
3 |
Wind. kinetic energy |
J |
3.63E+08 |
2.45E+03 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.00001 |
4 |
Oxygen (in air) |
g |
1.30E+07 |
5.16E+07 |
67 |
77.0 |
0.005 |
Non-renewable storages
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
Carbon |
J |
3.28E+10 |
3.92E+04 |
129 |
147.8 |
0.010 |
6 |
ignition oil |
J |
1.20E+09 |
6.60E+04 |
8 |
9.1 |
0.001 |
Purchased inputs
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
Fuel |
J |
5.48E+10 |
1.11E+05 |
607 |
698.2 |
0.050 |
8 |
Electricity (mixing. drying. gasifying. gas cleaning) |
J |
8.19E+09 |
2.69E+05 |
220 |
253.2 |
0.018 |
9 |
Machinery |
g |
2.80E+06 |
1.79E+10 |
5004 |
5751.5 |
0.408 |
10 |
Biomass (from the sludge) |
g |
2.00E+07 |
2.70E+09 |
5400 |
6206.9 |
0.441 |
11 |
Labor |
J |
5.32E+08 |
4.45E+06 |
237 |
272.2 |
0.019 |
12 |
H2O |
g |
3.83E+04 |
6.64E+05 |
3 |
2.9 |
0.000 |
13 |
Disposal cost |
US$ |
1.93E+02 |
8.70E+12 |
168 |
193.0 |
0.014 |
|
Total Emergy
|
|
|
|
12256 |
14087.1 |
1.000 |
Transformity. Calculated
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
Total Yield. Electricity |
kW |
262336.59 |
|
|
72.871275 |
|
|
Transformity (SeJ/J) |
|
|
4.67E+08 |
|
|
|
|
Emergy Money Ratio |
8.70E+12 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Electricity Sale price (US$) |
14.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
NR
|
R
|
F
|
Y
|
Y (g. J. $)
|
|
|
|
137 |
481 |
11639 |
12256 |
14087.07 |
|
|
|
0.011 |
0.039 |
0.950 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
INDICES
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Environmental loading ratio. ELR |
24.50 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Emergy yield ratio. ELR |
1.05 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Emergy sustainability index. ESI |
0.04 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Emergy investment ratio. EIR |
18.86 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
% renewability ratio |
3.92 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Soil emergy cost. SEC |
0.01 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Emergy Exchange Ratio |
970.21 |
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Sun
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Insolation: |
7.52E+09 |
J/m2/yr |
|
|
|
|
|
Area: |
1.00E+04 |
m2
|
|
|
|
|
|
Albedo: |
0.24 |
Dimensionless |
|
|
|
|
|
Conversion: |
(Avg. Total Annual Insolation J/m2/yr)(Area m2)(1-albedo) |
|
Annual energy: |
5.72E+13 |
J/yr |
|
|
|
|
|
Emergy per unit input: |
1 |
seJ/J |
|
|
|
|
|
Emergy Input: |
5.72E+13 |
seJ/yr |
|
|
|
|
2
|
Rain
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rainfall: |
2.7 |
m/yr |
|
|
|
|
|
Area: |
10000 |
m2
|
|
|
|
|
|
Water density: |
1000000 |
g/m3
|
|
|
|
|
|
Water energy: |
4.94 |
J/g |
|
|
|
|
|
Conversion: |
(Rainfall m/yr)(Area m2)(Water density g/m3)(Water energy J/g) |
|
Annual energy: |
1.33E+11 |
J/yr |
|
|
|
|
|
Emergy per unit input: |
3.10E+04 |
seJ/J |
|
|
|
|
|
Emergy Input: |
4.13E+15 |
seJ/yr |
|
|
|
|
3
|
Wind
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Air density: |
1.3 |
kg/m3
|
|
|
|
|
|
Annual average of wind velocity: |
1.6 |
m/s |
|
|
|
|
|
Geotropic wind (60% of 1.6): |
0.96 |
m/s |
|
|
|
|
3
|
Wind
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Drag coefficient: |
0.001 |
Dimensionless |
|
|
|
|
|
Conversion: |
(Area m2)(Density kg/m3)(Geotropic wind m/s)^3(Drag coefficient)(3.16E+07 s/yr) |
|
Annual energy: |
3.63E+08 |
J/yr |
|
|
|
|
|
Emergy per unit input: |
2.45E+03 |
seJ/J |
Agostinho et al. (2008) |
|
Emergy Input: |
8.90E+11 |
seJ/yr |
|
|
|
|
4
|
Oxygen
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Air consumption: |
203 |
kg/hr |
|
|
|
|
|
Annual hours: |
305 |
hr/yr |
|
|
|
|
|
Oxygen fraction in air: |
0.21 |
Dimensionless |
|
|
|
|
|
Conversion: |
(Air consumption kg/hr)(Annual hours hr/yr)(oxygen fraction in air 0.21)(1000 g/kg) |
|
Annual consumption: |
12980460 |
g/yr |
|
|
|
|
|
Emergy per unit input: |
5.16E+07 |
seJ/g |
Ulgiati and Brown (2002) |
|
Emergy Input: |
6.70E+14 |
seJ/yr |
|
|
|
|
5
|
Carbon
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Carbon consumption: |
3.4 |
Kg |
|
|
|
|
|
Annual hours: |
305 |
hr/yr |
|
|
|
|
|
Carbon energy content: |
3.18E+07 |
J/Kg |
|
|
|
|
|
Conversion: |
(Carbon consumption Kg/hr)(Annual hours hr/yr)(Cabon energy content J/Kg) |
|
Annual energy: |
3.28E+10 |
J |
|
|
|
|
|
Emergy per unit input: |
39200 |
seJ/J |
Pilavichi et al. (2006) |
|
Emergy Input: |
1.2862E+15 |
seJ/yr |
|
|
|
|
6
|
Ignition Oil
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ignition Oil consumption: |
8 |
gal |
|
|
|
|
|
Oil energy content: |
6.28E+09 |
J/Bbl |
|
|
|
|
|
Conversion: |
(Ignition oil consumption Gal)(Oil energy content J/Bbl)(1/42 Bbl/gal) |
|
Annual energy: |
1196190476 |
J |
|
|
|
|
|
Emergy per unit input: |
6.60E+04 |
seJ/J |
Tiezzi (2001) |
|
Emergy Input: |
7.8949E+13 |
seJ/yr |
|
|
|
|
7
|
Fuel
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Distance: |
100 |
km |
|
|
|
|
|
Transport Efficiency: |
3.4 |
km/gallon |
Referred by Truck Driver Franco. J |
|
Annual Travels: |
7 |
dimensionless |
|
|
|
|
|
Energy content: |
1.32E+08 |
J/gallon |
|
|
|
|
|
Conversion: |
(Distance km)(Annual travels)(Energy Content J/gallon)(2)/(Transport Efficiency km/gallon) |
|
Annual energy: |
5.48E+10 |
J/yr |
|
|
|
|
|
Emergy per unit input: |
1.11E+05 |
seJ/J |
Odum (1996) |
|
Emergy Input: |
6.08E+15 |
seJ/yr |
|
|
|
|
8
|
Electricity (Power consumption)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Annual hours: |
305 |
hr/yr |
|
|
|
|
|
Screw conveyor 1: |
2.2 |
kWh |
Screw Conveyor Catalog & Engineering Manual link: http://www.screwconveyor.com/SCC%20EngCat10_LR.pdf
|
|
Screw conveyor 2: |
1.5 |
kWh |
Screw Conveyor Catalog & Engineering Manual link: http://www.screwconveyor.com/SCC%20EngCat10_LR.pdf
|
|
Pump: |
7.2E-03 |
kWh |
http://www.khi.co.jp/kpm/pdf/all_pdb.pdf
|
|
Compressor: |
3.7 |
kWh |
http://compresoresyredes.com/productos.php
|
|
Resistance: |
0.1 |
kWh |
|
|
|
|
|
Conversion: |
(Annual hours hr/yr)(Screw conveyor 1 + Screw conveyor 2 + Plump + Compressor + Resistance)(3.6E+06 J/kWh) |
|
Annual energy: |
8.19E+09 |
J/yr |
|
|
|
|
|
Emergy per unit input: |
2.69E+05 |
seJ/J |
Odum (1996) |
|
Emergy Input: |
2.20E+15 |
seJ/yr |
|
|
|
|
9
|
Machinery (assuming 10 year life)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Screw conveyor 1 weight: |
33 |
kg |
Screw Conveyor Catalog & Engineering Manual link: http://www.screwconveyor.com/SCC%20EngCat10_LR.pdf
|
|
Screw conveyor 2 weight: |
28 |
kg |
Screw Conveyor Catalog & Engineering Manual link: http://www.screwconveyor.com/SCC%20EngCat10_LR.pdf
|
|
Plump weight: |
2 |
kg |
http://www.khi.co.jp/kpm/pdf/all_pdb.pdf
|
|
Compressor weight: |
125 |
kg |
http://compresoresyredes.com/productos.php
|
|
Turbine weight: |
8 |
kg |
http://www.greenturbine.eu/en/home.php
|
9
|
Machinery (assuming 10 year life)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gasifier weight: |
2000 |
kg |
|
|
|
|
|
Others weight: |
600 |
kg |
|
|
|
|
|
Conversion: |
(All machinery weight summation)(1000 g/kg) |
|
Annual consumption: |
2795422 |
g |
|
|
|
|
|
Emergy per unit input: |
1.79E+10 |
seJ/g |
Brand W. (2002) |
|
Emergy Input: |
5.00E+16 |
|
|
|
|
|
10
|
Sludge
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sludge weight: |
20000 |
kg |
|
|
|
|
|
Biomass weight: |
20000 |
kg |
|
|
|
|
|
Conversion: |
(Biomass weight kg)(1000g/kg) |
|
Annual consumption: |
2.00E+07 |
J/yr |
|
|
|
|
|
Emergy per unit input: |
2.70E+09 |
seJ/J |
Xiao. H. et al. (2010) |
|
Emergy Input: |
5.40E+16 |
seJ/yr |
|
|
|
|
11
|
Labor. J
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Human energy consumption: |
436 |
KJ/hr |
FAECM data in Fluck (1992) |
|
Worked hours: |
1220 |
hrs/yr |
|
|
|
|
|
Conversion: |
(Human energy consumption kJ/hr)(Worked hours hr/yr)(1000 J/kJ) |
|
Annual energy: |
5.32E+08 |
g/yr |
|
|
|
|
|
Emergy per unit input: |
4.45E+06 |
seJ/g |
Brand W. (2002) |
|
Emergy Input: |
2.37E+15 |
seJ/yr |
|
|
|
|
12
|
H2O
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H2O consumption: |
0.13 |
kg/hr |
|
|
|
|
|
Annual hours: |
305 |
hr/yr |
|
|
|
|
|
Conversion: |
(H2O consumption kg/hr)(Annual hours hr/yr)(1000 g/kg) |
|
Annual consumption: |
38336 |
g/yr |
|
|
|
|
|
Emergy per unit input: |
6.64E+05 |
seJ/g |
Bargigl et al. (2010) |
|
Emergy Input: |
2.55E+13 |
seJ/yr |
|
|
|
|
13
|
Ash Disposal Cost
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ashes: |
53 |
US$ |
Raskin and Ensley (2000) |
|
Ash disposal cost+ tar + heavy metals: |
125 |
US$ |
Raskin and Ensley (2000) |
|
Oil disposal cost: |
15 |
US$ |
Raskin and Ensley (2000) |
|
Total Cost: |
193 |
US$ |
|
|
|
|
|
Emergy Money Ratio: |
8.70E+12 |
seJ/ US$ |
Odum (1996) |
|
Emergy Input: |
1.6791E+15 |
seJ/yr |
|
|
|
|