Level of marketing investment disclosure |
1 when there is information disclosure and 0 for the absence of information. Calculation of the proportion of the information disclosed in relation to the expected information. Information separated into six categories (Appendix A). |
Categories: CPC 00 (2011), CPC 26 (2011), Publishes Discussion Paper on Management Commentary (2005), and Principles for Ongoing Disclosure and Material Development Reporting by Listed Entities (2002); information obtained from B3. |
Developed in this study. |
Marketing investment intensity |
Selling, general, and administrative expenses in the period divided by total assets. |
Economatica |
Luo (2008Luo, X. (2008). When marketing strategy first meets Wall Street: Marketing spendings and firms’ initial public offerings. Journal of Marketing, 72(5), 98-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.72.5.098 http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.72.5.098...
); Mizik (2010Mizik, N. (2010). The theory and practice of myopic management. Journal of Marketing Research, 47(4), 594-611. https://doi.org/10.1509%2Fjmkr.47.4.594 https://doi.org/10.1509%2Fjmkr.47.4.594...
) |
Life cycle |
1 if the firm is in the early stages (birth and growth), 2 for maturity, and 3 for the final stages (turbulence and decline). |
Economatica |
Dickinson (2011Dickinson, V. (2011). Cash flow patterns as a proxy for firm life cycle. The Accounting Review, 86(6), 1969-1994. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-10130 https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-10130...
) |
Corporate governance segment |
1 for New Market and 0 for other segments. |
Economatica |
Kabir et al. (2020Kabir, H., Su, L., & Rahman, A. (2020). Firm life cycle and the disclosure of estimates and judgments in goodwill impairment tests: Evidence from Australia. Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics, 16(3), 100207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2020.100207 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2020.1002...
) |
Industry |
1 for cyclic consumption and 0 for non-cyclic consumption. |
B3 |
Cantrell and Dickinson (2020Cantrell, B. W., & Dickinson, V. (2020). Conditional life cycle: An examination of operating performance for leaders and laggards. Management Science, 66(1), 433-451. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3209 https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3209...
) |
Audit |
1 for Big Four auditing and 0 for other auditing companies. |
B3 |
Shi et al. (2021Shi, H., Grewal, R., & Sridhar, S. (2021). Organizational herding in advertising spending disclosures: Evidence and mechanisms. Journal of Marketing Research, 58(3). https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022243720978954 https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00222437209789...
) |
Return on equity (ROE) |
Net income divided by shareholders’ equity. |
Economatica |
Ma et al. (2017Ma, M., Dewally, M., & Huang, J. (2017). Marketing strategy after meeting Wall Street: The role of information asymmetry. Journal of Financial Research, 40(3), 369-400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfir.12128 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfir.12128...
); Simpson (2008Simpson, A. (2008). Voluntary disclosure of advertising expenditures. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 23(3), 403-436. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0148558X0802300306 https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0148558X080230...
) |
Institutional control |
1 for control by institutional investor and 0 for control by non-institutional investor. |
B3 |
Kabir et al. (2020Kabir, H., Su, L., & Rahman, A. (2020). Firm life cycle and the disclosure of estimates and judgments in goodwill impairment tests: Evidence from Australia. Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics, 16(3), 100207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2020.100207 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2020.1002...
); Mohamed and Schwienbacher (2016Mohamed, A., & Schwienbacher, A. (2016). Voluntary disclosure of corporate venture capital investments. Journal of Banking & Finance, 68(July), 69-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2016.03.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2016....
) |
Liquidity |
Current assets divided by current liabilities. |
Economatica |
Mohamed and Schwienbacher (2016Mohamed, A., & Schwienbacher, A. (2016). Voluntary disclosure of corporate venture capital investments. Journal of Banking & Finance, 68(July), 69-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2016.03.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2016....
) |
General solvency |
Total assets divided by payable liabilities. |
Economatica |
Simpson (2008Simpson, A. (2008). Voluntary disclosure of advertising expenditures. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 23(3), 403-436. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0148558X0802300306 https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0148558X080230...
); Costa, Macedo, Yokoyama and Almeida (2017Ma, M., Dewally, M., & Huang, J. (2017). Marketing strategy after meeting Wall Street: The role of information asymmetry. Journal of Financial Research, 40(3), 369-400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfir.12128 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfir.12128...
) |
Size |
Natural logarithm of total assets. |
Economatica |
Costa et al. (2017Costa, W. B. D., Macedo, M. A. D. S., Yokoyama, K. Y., & Almeida, J. E. F. D. (2017). Análise dos estágios de ciclo de vida de companhias abertas no Brasil: Um estudo com base em variáveis contábil-financeiras. Brazilian Business Review, 14(3), 304-320. https://doi.org/10.15728/bbr.2017.14.3.3 https://doi.org/10.15728/bbr.2017.14.3.3...
); Kabir et al. (2020Kabir, H., Su, L., & Rahman, A. (2020). Firm life cycle and the disclosure of estimates and judgments in goodwill impairment tests: Evidence from Australia. Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics, 16(3), 100207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2020.100207 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2020.1002...
); Koo e Lee (2018Koo, D. S., & Lee, D. (2018). Influential chief marketing officers and management revenue forecasts. The Accounting Review, 93(4), 253-281. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-51946 http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-51946...
); Simpson (2008Simpson, A. (2008). Voluntary disclosure of advertising expenditures. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 23(3), 403-436. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0148558X0802300306 https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0148558X080230...
) |
Age |
Full years since the date of registration of the firm with the CVM. |
GetDFPData Web |
Bae et al. (2017Bae, J., Kim, S. J., & Oh, H. (2017). Taming polysemous signals: The role of marketing intensity on the relationship between financial leverage and firm performance. Review of Financial Economics, 33, 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rfe.2016.12.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rfe.2016.12.00...
); Ma et al. (2017Ma, M., Dewally, M., & Huang, J. (2017). Marketing strategy after meeting Wall Street: The role of information asymmetry. Journal of Financial Research, 40(3), 369-400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfir.12128 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfir.12128...
) |
Market-to-book |
Market value of the firm divided by shareholders’ equity. |
Economatica |
Costa et al. (2017Costa, W. B. D., Macedo, M. A. D. S., Yokoyama, K. Y., & Almeida, J. E. F. D. (2017). Análise dos estágios de ciclo de vida de companhias abertas no Brasil: Um estudo com base em variáveis contábil-financeiras. Brazilian Business Review, 14(3), 304-320. https://doi.org/10.15728/bbr.2017.14.3.3 https://doi.org/10.15728/bbr.2017.14.3.3...
); Kabir et al. (2020Kabir, H., Su, L., & Rahman, A. (2020). Firm life cycle and the disclosure of estimates and judgments in goodwill impairment tests: Evidence from Australia. Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics, 16(3), 100207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2020.100207 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2020.1002...
); Koo e Lee (2018Koo, D. S., & Lee, D. (2018). Influential chief marketing officers and management revenue forecasts. The Accounting Review, 93(4), 253-281. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-51946 http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-51946...
) |
Sales growth |
Percentage change in revenues for year t in relation to t-1. |
Economatica |
Costa et al. (2017Costa, W. B. D., Macedo, M. A. D. S., Yokoyama, K. Y., & Almeida, J. E. F. D. (2017). Análise dos estágios de ciclo de vida de companhias abertas no Brasil: Um estudo com base em variáveis contábil-financeiras. Brazilian Business Review, 14(3), 304-320. https://doi.org/10.15728/bbr.2017.14.3.3 https://doi.org/10.15728/bbr.2017.14.3.3...
); Ma et al. (2017Ma, M., Dewally, M., & Huang, J. (2017). Marketing strategy after meeting Wall Street: The role of information asymmetry. Journal of Financial Research, 40(3), 369-400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfir.12128 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfir.12128...
) |