Past innovation rate (Pinn) |
= [Ʃ score by company i (New goods + New services + Improved production method + Improved logistics method + Improved support + New practices of organizational process + New methods of organizational responsibility + New methods of external organizational relations + Changes in packaging design + New means of promotion + New methods for distribution channels + New pricing methods + Social innovation) / Ʃ maximum score] * 100 |
The company that presents a higher past innovation rate is more likely to incorporate technologies 4.0 and to contribute to their diffusion |
H1: Positive relationship (+) between the past innovation rate and innovative capacity Horváth et al. (2019)Horváth, D., & Szabo, R. Z. (2019). Driving forces and barriers of Industry 4.0: Do multinational and small and medium-sized companies have equal opportunities? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146, 119-132. doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2019.05.021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019....
, Chauhan et al. (2021)Chauhan, C., Singh, A., & Luthra, S. (2021). Barriers to industry 4.0 adoption and its performance implications: An empirical investigation of emerging economy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 285. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124809 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.1...
, Müller et al. (2018)Müller, J. M., Kiel, D., & Voigt, K.-I. (2018). What drives the implementation of Industry 4.0? The Role of Opportunities and Challenges in the Context of Sustainability. Sustainability, 10(1), 247. doi: 10.3390/su10010247 https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010247...
, Agostini et al. (2019)Agostini, L., & Filippini, R. (2019). Organizational and managerial challenges in the path toward Industry 4.0. European Journal of Innovation Management, 22, 406-421. doi: 10.1108/EJIM-02-2018-0030 https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-02-2018-003...
, Rojas-Córdova et al. (2020)Rojas-Córdova, C., Heredia-Rojas, B., & Ramírez-Correa, P. (2020). Predicting business innovation intention based on perceived barriers: A machine learning approach. Symmetry, 12(9), 1381. doi: 10.3390/sym12091381 https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12091381...
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Future innovation perspective (Finn) |
= Ʃ of future innovation present in (product + process + MKT + organizational management + social) * 100 |
The company with more expectations of generating innovation on different fronts of organizational development has a greater capacity to disseminate technologies 4.0 |
H2: Positive relationship (+) between plans for future innovation projects and innovative capacity Horváth et al. (2019)Horváth, D., & Szabo, R. Z. (2019). Driving forces and barriers of Industry 4.0: Do multinational and small and medium-sized companies have equal opportunities? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146, 119-132. doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2019.05.021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019....
, Chauhan et al. (2021)Chauhan, C., Singh, A., & Luthra, S. (2021). Barriers to industry 4.0 adoption and its performance implications: An empirical investigation of emerging economy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 285. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124809 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.1...
, Müller et al. (2018)Müller, J. M., Kiel, D., & Voigt, K.-I. (2018). What drives the implementation of Industry 4.0? The Role of Opportunities and Challenges in the Context of Sustainability. Sustainability, 10(1), 247. doi: 10.3390/su10010247 https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010247...
, Agostini et al. (2019)Agostini, L., & Filippini, R. (2019). Organizational and managerial challenges in the path toward Industry 4.0. European Journal of Innovation Management, 22, 406-421. doi: 10.1108/EJIM-02-2018-0030 https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-02-2018-003...
, Botha (2019)Botha, A. P. (2019). Innovating for market adoption in the fourth industrial revolution. South African Journal of Industrial Engineering, 30(3), 187-198. doi: 10.7166/30-3-2238 https://doi.org/10.7166/30-3-2238...
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Capacity to innovate based on perceived challenges (InnChall) |
= 1- [[Ʃ score by company i (Lack of own funds + Lack of external funding + Very high cost of innovation + Lack of qualified personnel + Lack of technology information + Lack of information on markets + Difficulty finding a partner + Market dominated by established companies + Uncertainty regarding the demand for goods + Not necessary due to previous innovation + Not necessary due to lack of demand for innovation + Regulatory challenges) / Ʃ maximum score] * 100] |
The greater the perception of innovation facilities, the greater the capacity to innovate |
H3: Positive relationship (+) between the capacity to innovate based on perceived challenges and innovative capacity. Reyes et al. (2016)Reyes, P., Li, S., & Visich, J. (2016). Determinants of RFID adoption stage and perceived benefits. European Journal of Operational Research, 254(3), 1. 801-812. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2016.03.051 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.03.0...
, Arnold et al. (2018)Arnold, C., Veile, J., & Voigt, K. (2018). What drives Industry 4.0 adoption? An examination of technological, organizational, and environmental determinants. International Association for Management of Technology. IAMOT 2018 Conference Proceedings. Recuperado de https://www2.aston.ac.uk/aston-business-school/documents/IAMOT2018_paper_75.pdf https://www2.aston.ac.uk/aston-business-...
, Cabrera-Sánchez (2019), Chege et al. (2020)Chege, S., Wang, D., & Suntu, S., (2020). Impact of information technology innovation on firm performance in Kenya. Information Technology for Development, 26(2), 316-345. doi: 10.1080/02681102.2019.1573717 https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2019.15...
, Horváth et al. (2019)Horváth, D., & Szabo, R. Z. (2019). Driving forces and barriers of Industry 4.0: Do multinational and small and medium-sized companies have equal opportunities? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146, 119-132. doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2019.05.021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019....
, Kiraz et al. (2020)Kiraz, A., Canpolat, O., Özkurt, C., & Taşkın, H. (2020). Analysis of the factors affecting the Industry 4.0 tendency with the structural equation model and an application. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 150, 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.cie.2020.106911 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2020.10691...
, Agostini et al. (2019)Agostini, L., & Filippini, R. (2019). Organizational and managerial challenges in the path toward Industry 4.0. European Journal of Innovation Management, 22, 406-421. doi: 10.1108/EJIM-02-2018-0030 https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-02-2018-003...
|
Percentage of employees who hold a graduate degree (PerEmpGrad) |
= [(Number of employees who hold masters or PhD degrees / Total number of employees)] * 100 |
Having employees who hold a graduate degree increases the probability of innovation, facilitating technological diffusion |
H4: Positive relationship (+) between the percentage of employees who hold a graduate degree and innovative capacity Ingaldi et al. (2020)Ingaldi, M., & Ulewicz, R. (2020) Problems with the implementation of Industry 4.0 in enterprises from the SME sector. Sustainability, 12, 217. doi:10.3390/su12010217 https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010217...
, Dalenogarea et al. (2018)Dalenogarea, L., Benitez, G., & Ayala, F. (2018). The expected contribution of Industry 4.0 technologies for industrial performance. International Journal of Production Economics, 204, 383-394. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.08.019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.08.0...
, Reyes et al. (2016)Reyes, P., Li, S., & Visich, J. (2016). Determinants of RFID adoption stage and perceived benefits. European Journal of Operational Research, 254(3), 1. 801-812. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2016.03.051 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.03.0...
, Vowles et al. (2011)Vowles, N., Thirkell, P., & Sinha, A. (2011). Different determinants at different times: B2B adoption of a radical innovation. Journal of Business Research, 64(11), 1162-1168. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.06.016 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.0...
, Chege et al (2020)Chege, S., Wang, D., & Suntu, S., (2020). Impact of information technology innovation on firm performance in Kenya. Information Technology for Development, 26(2), 316-345. doi: 10.1080/02681102.2019.1573717 https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2019.15...
, Agostini et al. (2019)Agostini, L., & Filippini, R. (2019). Organizational and managerial challenges in the path toward Industry 4.0. European Journal of Innovation Management, 22, 406-421. doi: 10.1108/EJIM-02-2018-0030 https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-02-2018-003...
|
Percentage of qualified employees (PerQualEmp) |
= ((Number of specialized employees / Total number of employees)) * 100 |
Having qualified employees increases the probability of innovating |
H5: Positive relationship (+) between the percentage of qualified employees and innovative capacity Ingaldi et al. (2020)Ingaldi, M., & Ulewicz, R. (2020) Problems with the implementation of Industry 4.0 in enterprises from the SME sector. Sustainability, 12, 217. doi:10.3390/su12010217 https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010217...
, Dalenogarea et al. (2018)Dalenogarea, L., Benitez, G., & Ayala, F. (2018). The expected contribution of Industry 4.0 technologies for industrial performance. International Journal of Production Economics, 204, 383-394. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.08.019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.08.0...
, Reyes et al. (2016)Reyes, P., Li, S., & Visich, J. (2016). Determinants of RFID adoption stage and perceived benefits. European Journal of Operational Research, 254(3), 1. 801-812. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2016.03.051 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.03.0...
, Vowles et al. (2011)Vowles, N., Thirkell, P., & Sinha, A. (2011). Different determinants at different times: B2B adoption of a radical innovation. Journal of Business Research, 64(11), 1162-1168. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.06.016 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.0...
, Chege et al. (2020)Chege, S., Wang, D., & Suntu, S., (2020). Impact of information technology innovation on firm performance in Kenya. Information Technology for Development, 26(2), 316-345. doi: 10.1080/02681102.2019.1573717 https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2019.15...
|
Sales variation (SalesVari) |
= [((Sales $ 2016-sales $ 2015) / Sales $ 2015)] * 100 |
An increase in sales can generate an incentive to adopt technology |
H6: Positive relationship (+) between the sales variation and the innovative capacity Prause et al. (2019)Prause, M., & Günther, C. (2019). Technology diffusion of Industry 4.0: an agent-based approach. Int. J. Computational Economics and Econometrics, 9(1/2), 29-48. doi: 10.1504/IJCEE.2019.097793 https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCEE.2019.09779...
, Reyes et al. (2016)Reyes, P., Li, S., & Visich, J. (2016). Determinants of RFID adoption stage and perceived benefits. European Journal of Operational Research, 254(3), 1. 801-812. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2016.03.051 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.03.0...
|
Sales volume (lnSales) |
Natural logarithm of sales volume ($) |
The larger the sales volume, the greater the diffusion effect, since the company’s size facilitates technology adoption) |
H7: Positive relationship (+) between the volume of sales and the scale of operation of companies that disseminate technologies 4.0 Ingaldi et al. (2020)Ingaldi, M., & Ulewicz, R. (2020) Problems with the implementation of Industry 4.0 in enterprises from the SME sector. Sustainability, 12, 217. doi:10.3390/su12010217 https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010217...
, Reyes et al. (2016)Reyes, P., Li, S., & Visich, J. (2016). Determinants of RFID adoption stage and perceived benefits. European Journal of Operational Research, 254(3), 1. 801-812. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2016.03.051 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.03.0...
, Kiraz et al. (2020Kiraz, A., Canpolat, O., Özkurt, C., & Taşkın, H. (2020). Analysis of the factors affecting the Industry 4.0 tendency with the structural equation model and an application. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 150, 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.cie.2020.106911 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2020.10691...
|
Total number of employees (lnTotEmp) |
Natural logarithm of the number of employees |
The larger the company, the greater its diffusion power. |
H8: Positive relationship (+) between the total number of employees and the scale of operation of companies that disseminate technologies 4.0 Ingaldi et al. (2020)Ingaldi, M., & Ulewicz, R. (2020) Problems with the implementation of Industry 4.0 in enterprises from the SME sector. Sustainability, 12, 217. doi:10.3390/su12010217 https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010217...
, Reyes et al. (2016)Reyes, P., Li, S., & Visich, J. (2016). Determinants of RFID adoption stage and perceived benefits. European Journal of Operational Research, 254(3), 1. 801-812. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2016.03.051 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.03.0...
, Chege et al. (2020)Chege, S., Wang, D., & Suntu, S., (2020). Impact of information technology innovation on firm performance in Kenya. Information Technology for Development, 26(2), 316-345. doi: 10.1080/02681102.2019.1573717 https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2019.15...
, Brambilla (2018)Brambilla, I. (2018). Digital technology adoption and jobs: A model of firm heterogeneity. World Bank. Policy Research (Working Paper N. 8326). Recuperado de https://ssrn.com/abstract=3115833 https://ssrn.com/abstract=3115833...
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Years of operation (CompYear) |
Years of operation of the company |
The number of years since the company started its operations. The lower diffusion capacity is due to difficulties in adapting to new production models |
H9: Negative relationship (-) between the years of operation of companies that disseminate technologies 4.0 and these companies’ scale of operation Ingaldi et al. (2020)Ingaldi, M., & Ulewicz, R. (2020) Problems with the implementation of Industry 4.0 in enterprises from the SME sector. Sustainability, 12, 217. doi:10.3390/su12010217 https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010217...
, Gatica (2018)Gatica, F. (2018). Elementos explicativos de la innovación en la industria TIC en Chile. Revista Interciencia, 43(6), 434-440. Recuperado de https://www.interciencia.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/434-GATICA-43_5.pdf https://www.interciencia.net/wp-content/...
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