Dependent variable
|
CSR index |
(1) CSR information in a report |
Gray, Kouhy, & Lavers (1995)Gray, R. H., Kouhy, R., & Lavers, S. (1995). Constructing a research database of social and environmental reporting by UK companies. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 8(2), 78-101. doi:10.1108/09513579510086812 https://doi.org/10.1108/0951357951008681...
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(2) GRI adoption level |
Adams (2002)Adams, C. A. (2002). Internal organizational factors influencing corporate social and ethical reporting. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 15(2), 223-250. doi:10.1108/09513570210418905 https://doi.org/10.1108/0951357021041890...
, Boiral (2013)Boiral, O. (2013). Sustainability reports as simulacra? A counter-account of A and A+ GRI reports. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 26(7), 1036-1071. doi:10.1108/AAAJ-04-2012-00998 https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-04-2012-009...
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(3) Externally checked |
Prado, Gallego, & García (2009)Prado, J. M., & García, I. M. (2010). The role of the board of directors in disseminating relevant information on greenhouse gases. Journal of Business Ethics, 97(3), 391-424. doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0515-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0515-...
, Fernández, Romero, & Ruiz (2012)Fernández, B., Romero, S., & Ruiz, S. (2012). Measuring quality of sustainability reports and assurance statements: Characteristics of the high quality reporting companies. International Journal of Society Systems Science, 4(1), 5-27. doi:10.1504/ijsss.2012.045371 https://doi.org/10.1504/ijsss.2012.04537...
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(4) Assurance of the CSR report |
Simnett, Vanstraelen, & Chua (2009)Simnett, R., Vanstraelen, A., & Chua, W. F. (2009). Assurance on sustainability reports: An international comparison. The Accounting Review, 84(3), 937-967. doi:10.2308/accr.2009.84.3.937 https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2009.84.3.9...
, Fernández, Romero, & Ruiz (2014)Fernández, B., Romero, S., & Ruiz, S. (2014). Effect of stakeholders' pressure on transparency of sustainability reports within the GRI framework. Journal of Business Ethics, 122(1), 53-63. doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1748-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1748-...
|
Corporate governance
|
Board size |
Number of directors |
De Andrés et al. (2005)Andrés, P. De, Azofra, V., & Lopez, F. (2005). Corporate boards in OECD countries: Size, composition, functioning and effectiveness. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 13(2), 197-210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8683.2005.00418.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2005...
; García et al. (2011)García, I. M., Rodríguez, L., & Gallego, I. (2011). Corporate governance and strategic information on the internet. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 24(4), 471-501. doi:10.1108/09513571111133063 https://doi.org/10.1108/0951357111113306...
|
Independent directors |
Percentage of independent directors |
Haniffa & Cooke (2005)Haniffa, R. M., & Cooke, T. E. (2005). The impact of culture and governance on corporate social reporting. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 24(5), 391-430. doi:10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2005.06.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.200...
; Prado & García (2010)Prado, J. M., & García, I. M. (2010). The role of the board of directors in disseminating relevant information on greenhouse gases. Journal of Business Ethics, 97(3), 391-424. doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0515-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0515-...
|
Board activity |
Number of board meetings |
Rodríguez et al. (2014)Rodríguez, L., Frías, J. V., & García, R. (2014). El consejo de administración y las memorias de sostenibilidad. Revista de Contabilidad- Spanish Accounting Review, 17(1), 5-16. doi:10.1016/j.rcsar.2013.02.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcsar.2013.02....
|
CSR committee |
Existence of a CSR committee. Dummy variable. Indicator variable is one if there is a CSR committee and zero otherwise |
Michelon & Parbonetti (2012)Michelon, G., & Parbonetti, A. (2012). The effect of corporate governance on sustainability disclosure. Journal of Management and Governance, 16(3), 477-509. doi:10.1007/s10997-010-9160-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-010-9160-...
; Amran et al. (2014)Amran, A., Lee, S. P., & Devi, S. S. (2014). The influence of governance structure and strategic corporate social responsibility toward sustainability reporting quality. Business Strategy and the Environment, 23(4), 217-235. doi:10.1002/bse.1767 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1767...
|
Reference shareholder |
If the company is owned by a reference shareholder who has the majority of voting rights, veto power or golden share. Dummy variable. Indicator variable is one if there is a reference shareholder and zero otherwise |
Miras et al. (2014)Miras, M. M., Escobar, B., & Carrasco, A. (2014). Are Spanish listed firms betting on CSR during the crisis? Evidence from the agency problem. Business and Management Research, 3(1), 85-95. doi:10.5430/bmr.v3n1p85 https://doi.org/10.5430/bmr.v3n1p85...
|
Control
|
Company size |
Logarithm of total assets |
Said, Zainuddin, & Haron (2009)Said, R., Zainuddin, Y. H., & Haron, H. (2009). The relationship between corporate social responsibility disclosure and corporate governance characteristics in Malaysian public listed companies. Social Responsibility Journal, 5(2), 212-226. doi:10.1108/17471110910964496 https://doi.org/10.1108/1747111091096449...
, Amran, Lee, & Devi (2014)Amran, A., Lee, S. P., & Devi, S. S. (2014). The influence of governance structure and strategic corporate social responsibility toward sustainability reporting quality. Business Strategy and the Environment, 23(4), 217-235. doi:10.1002/bse.1767 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1767...
|
Profitability |
ROA |
Michelon & Parbonetti (2012)Michelon, G., & Parbonetti, A. (2012). The effect of corporate governance on sustainability disclosure. Journal of Management and Governance, 16(3), 477-509. doi:10.1007/s10997-010-9160-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-010-9160-...
Rodríguez et al. (2014)Rodríguez, L., Frías, J. V., & García, R. (2014). El consejo de administración y las memorias de sostenibilidad. Revista de Contabilidad- Spanish Accounting Review, 17(1), 5-16. doi:10.1016/j.rcsar.2013.02.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcsar.2013.02....
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Industry |
Industry |
ASSET4 data |