Reanalyzing the competitiveness in football leagues: Accumulated points difference

Gasparetto, Thadeu; Barajas, Angel

doi:10.1590/S0034-759020160303

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ARTÍCULOS • Rev. adm. empres. 56 (3) • May-Jun 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020160303 copy

Reanalyzing the competitiveness in football leagues: Accumulated points difference

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The aim of the paper is to elaborate an alternative measure to compare football leagues based on Accumulated Points Difference (APD). The sample includes eight seasons (2006-2007 to 2013-2014) from nine football leagues: German Bundesliga, Campeonato Brasileiro (Brazil), La Liga BBVA (Spain), French Ligue 1, Dutch Eredivise, English Premier League, Italian Serie A, Portuguese Primeira Liga and Russian Premier League. We have employed the ANOVA one way with Tukey post hoc to compare the results. We have confirmed the robustness of the model comparing it with two traditional measures: Herfindahl Index of Competitive Balance (HICB) and C4 Index of Competitive Balance (C4ICB). As a result, we have found that the Brazilian League was the most balanced tournament in this period and there are no statistical differences between European leagues.

KEYWORDS:
Competitive balance; Brazilian League; accumulated points difference; professional football; sports economics

Puesto	Club	V	E	D	Puntos	Diferencia
1	A	38	0	0	114
2	B	36	0	2	108	6
3	C	34	0	4	102	6
4	D	32	0	6	96	6
5	E	30	0	8	90	6
6	F	28	0	10	84	6
7	G	26	0	12	78	6
8	H	24	0	14	72	6
9	I	22	0	16	66	6
10	J	20	0	18	60	6
11	K	18	0	20	54	6
12	L	16	0	22	48	6
13	M	14	0	24	42	6
14	N	12	0	26	36	6
15	O	10	0	28	30	6
16	P	8	0	30	24	6
17	Q	6	0	32	18	6
18	R	4	0	34	12	6
19	S	2	0	36	6	6
20	T	0	0	38	0	6
						114

	Accumulated Points Difference (APD)
Temporada	Alemania	Brasil	España	Francia	Holanda	Inglaterra	Italia	Portugal	Rusia
2006	43,14	43,86	42,11	41,23	56,86	53,51	62,28	52,22	52,22
2007	46,08	52,63	51,75	48,25	44,12	66,67	48,25	58,89	47,78
2008	40,20	35,09	47,37	47,37	50,00	50,88	47,37	52,22	43,33
2009	45,10	31,58	57,02	48,25	69,61	58,77	46,49	61,11	58,89
2010	45,10	37,72	57,89	49,12	56,86	41,23	50,88	67,78	53,33
2011	56,86	35,09	73,68	42,11	55,88	56,14	54,39	62,22	45,56
2012	68,63	41,23	57,89	47,37	51,96	56,14	57,02	61,11	50,00
2013	63,73	49,12	57,02	57,89	41,18	49,12	67,54	55,56	48,89
APD_med	51,10	40,79	55,59	47,70	53,31	54,06	54,28	58,89	50,00

		Shapiro-Wilk
		Estadística	Df	Sig.
ADP	Alemania	0,856	8	0,110
	Brasil	0,945	8	0,658
	España	0,912	8	0,367
	Francia	0,869	8	0,148
	Holanda	0,947	8	0,683
	Inglaterra	0,978	8	0,954
	Italia	0,912	8	0,366
	Portugal	0,935	8	0,561
	Rusia	0,977	8	0,947

Prueba de Levene	df1	df2	Sig.
1,303	8	63	0,258

	Suma de cuadrados	Df	Cuadrado medio	Z	Sig.
Entre grupos	1759,184	8	219,898	3,801	0,001
Intra grupos	3644,709	63	57,853
Total	5403,893	71

(I) Liga	(J) Liga	Diferencia media (I-J)	Error Standard	Sig.	Intervalo de Confianza 99%
(I) Liga	(J) Liga	Diferencia media (I-J)	Error Standard	Sig.	Límite inferior	Límite superior
Brasil	España	-14,80263 ^* (*) La diferencia media es significativa a nivel 0,01.	3,80304	0,007	-29,1684	-0,4368
	Inglaterra	-13,26754 ^ () La diferencia media es significativa a nivel 0,05.	3,80304	0,023	-27,6333	1,0982
	Italia	-13,48684 ^ () La diferencia media es significativa a nivel 0,05.	3,80304	0,020	-27,8526	0,8789
	Francia	-6,90789	3,80304	0,671	-21,2737	7,4579
	Alemania	-10,31347	3,80304	0,165	-24,6793	4,0523
	Holanda	-12,51935 ^ () La diferencia media es significativa a nivel 0,05.	3,80304	0,040	-26,8851	1,8464
	Portugal	-18,09942 ^* (*) La diferencia media es significativa a nivel 0,01.	3,80304	0,000	-32,4652	-3,7336
	Rusia	-9,21053	3,80304	0,291	-23,5763	5,1553
España	Brasil	14,80263 ^* (*) La diferencia media es significativa a nivel 0,01.	3,80304	0,007	,4368	29,1684
	Inglaterra	1,53509	3,80304	1,000	-12,8307	15,9009
	Italia	1,31579	3,80304	1,000	-13,0500	15,6816
	Francia	7,89474	3,80304	0,499	-6,4711	22,2605
	Alemania	4,48916	3,80304	0,958	-9,8766	18,8550
	Holanda	2,28328	3,80304	1,000	-12,0825	16,6491
	Portugal	-3,29678	3,80304	0,994	-17,6626	11,0690
	Rusia	5,59211	3,80304	0,865	-8,7737	19,9579
Inglaterra	Brasil	13,26754 ^ () La diferencia media es significativa a nivel 0,05.	3,80304	0,023	-1,0982	27,6333
	España	-1,53509	3,80304	1,000	-15,9009	12,8307
	Italia	-,21930	3,80304	1,000	-14,5851	14,1465
	Francia	6,35965	3,80304	0,761	-8,0061	20,7254
	Alemania	2,95408	3,80304	0,997	-11,4117	17,3199
	Holanda	,74819	3,80304	1,000	-13,6176	15,1140
	Portugal	-4,83187	3,80304	0,936	-19,1977	9,5339
	Rusia	4,05702	3,80304	0,977	-10,3088	18,4228
Italia	Brasil	13,48684 ^ () La diferencia media es significativa a nivel 0,05.	3,80304	0,020	-,8789	27,8526
	España	-1,31579	3,80304	1,000	-15,6816	13,0500
	Inglaterra	,21930	3,80304	1,000	-14,1465	14,5851
	Francia	6,57895	3,80304	0,726	-7,7868	20,9447
	Alemania	3,17337	3,80304	0,995	-11,1924	17,5392
	Holanda	,96749	3,80304	1,000	-13,3983	15,3333
	Portugal	-4,61257	3,80304	0,951	-18,9784	9,7532
	Rusia	4,27632	3,80304	0,968	-10,0895	18,6421
Francia	Brasil	6,90789	3,80304	0,671	-7,4579	21,2737
	España	-7,89474	3,80304	0,499	-22,2605	6,4711
	Inglaterra	-6,35965	3,80304	0,761	-20,7254	8,0061
	Italia	-6,57895	3,80304	0,726	-20,9447	7,7868
	Alemania	-3,40557	3,80304	0,992	-17,7714	10,9602
	Holanda	-5,61146	3,80304	0,862	-19,9772	8,7543
	Portugal	-11,19152 ^* *()** La diferencia media es significativa a nivel 0,10.	3,80304	0,098	-25,5573	3,1743
	Rusia	-2,30263	3,80304	1,000	-16,6684	12,0632
Alemania	Brasil	10,31347	3,80304	0,165	-4,0523	24,6793
	España	-4,48916	3,80304	0,958	-18,8550	9,8766
	Inglaterra	-2,95408	3,80304	0,997	-17,3199	11,4117
	Italia	-3,17337	3,80304	0,995	-17,5392	11,1924
	Francia	3,40557	3,80304	0,992	-10,9602	17,7714
	Holanda	-2,20588	3,80304	1,000	-16,5717	12,1599
	Portugal	-7,78595	3,80304	0,518	-22,1517	6,5798
	Rusia	1,10294	3,80304	1,000	-13,2628	15,4687
Holanda	Brasil	12,51935 ^ () La diferencia media es significativa a nivel 0,05.	3,80304	0,040	-1,8464	26,8851
	España	-2,28328	3,80304	1,000	-16,6491	12,0825
	Inglaterra	-,74819	3,80304	1,000	-15,1140	13,6176
	Italia	-,96749	3,80304	1,000	-15,3333	13,3983
	Francia	5,61146	3,80304	0,862	-8,7543	19,9772
	Alemania	2,20588	3,80304	1,000	-12,1599	16,5717
	Portugal	-5,58006	3,80304	0,866	-19,9459	8,7857
	Rusia	3,30882	3,80304	0,994	-11,0570	17,6746
Portugal	Brasil	18,09942 ^* (*) La diferencia media es significativa a nivel 0,01.	3,80304	0,000	3,7336	32,4652
	España	3,29678	3,80304	0,994	-11,0690	17,6626
	Inglaterra	4,83187	3,80304	0,936	-9,5339	19,1977
	Italia	4,61257	3,80304	0,951	-9,7532	18,9784
	Francia	11,19152 ^* *()** La diferencia media es significativa a nivel 0,10.	3,80304	0,098	-3,1743	25,5573
	Alemania	7,78595	3,80304	0,518	-6,5798	22,1517
	Holanda	5,58006	3,80304	0,866	-8,7857	19,9459
	Rusia	8,88889	3,80304	0,336	-5,4769	23,2547
Rusia	Brasil	9,21053	3,80304	0,291	-5,1553	23,5763
	España	-5,59211	3,80304	0,865	-19,9579	8,7737
	Inglaterra	-4,05702	3,80304	0,977	-18,4228	10,3088
	Italia	-4,27632	3,80304	0,968	-18,6421	10,0895
	Francia	2,30263	3,80304	1,000	-12,0632	16,6684
	Alemania	-1,10294	3,80304	1,000	-15,4687	13,2628
	Holanda	-3,30882	3,80304	0,994	-17,6746	11,0570
	Portugal	-8,88889	3,80304	0,336	-23,2547	5,4769

	Club	Títulos	Puesto medio
Alemania
	Bayern M.	4	1,88
	Borussia D.	2	4,88
	Stuttgart	1	7,63
	Wolfsburg	1	8,5
Brasil
	São Paulo	3	4,25
	Cruzeiro	1	6,25
	Flamengo	1	8,13
	Fluminense	2	8,63
	Corinthians	1	9,63
España
	Barcelona	4	1,63
	R.Madrid	3	1,75
	Atlético	1	5,00
Francia
	Lyon	2	2,75
	Marseille	1	3,5
	Lille	1	4,88
	Bordeaux	1	5,13
	PSG	2	7,25
	Montpellier	1	13,38
Holanda
	Ajax	4	1,63
	PSV	2	2,63
	Twente	1	3,5
	AZ	1	5,75
Inglaterra
	Man.Utd	5	2
	Chelsea	1	2,75
	Man.City	2	5,63
Italia
	Inter	4	3,25
	Milan	1	3,63
	Juventus	3	5,38
Rusia
	CSKA	3	2,13
	Zenit	3	2,38
	Rubin	2	5,25

Temporada	HICB	C4ICB	APD
2006	105,21	133,27	43,86
2007	104,79	124,29	52,63
2008	104,39	133,62	35,09
2009	103,23	124,76	31,58
2010	105,34	132,97	37,72
2011	104,11	127,54	35,09
2012	105,94	138,16	41,23
2013	105,07	129,88	49,12

Fundação Getulio Vargas, Escola de Administração de Empresas de S.Paulo Av 9 de Julho, 2029, 01313-902 S. Paulo - SP Brasil, Tel.: (55 11) 3799-7999, Fax: (55 11) 3799-7871 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: rae@fgv.br

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[TFN1] V = victoria, E = empate, D = derrota.

Puesto	Club	V	E	D	Puntos	Diferencia
1	A	38	0	0	114
2	B	36	0	2	108	6
3	C	34	0	4	102	6
4	D	32	0	6	96	6
5	E	30	0	8	90	6
6	F	28	0	10	84	6
7	G	26	0	12	78	6
8	H	24	0	14	72	6
9	I	22	0	16	66	6
10	J	20	0	18	60	6
11	K	18	0	20	54	6
12	L	16	0	22	48	6
13	M	14	0	24	42	6
14	N	12	0	26	36	6
15	O	10	0	28	30	6
16	P	8	0	30	24	6
17	Q	6	0	32	18	6
18	R	4	0	34	12	6
19	S	2	0	36	6	6
20	T	0	0	38	0	6
						114

Puesto	Club	V	E	D	Puntos	Diferencia
1	A	38	0	0	114
2	B	36	0	2	108	6
3	C	34	0	4	102	6
4	D	32	0	6	96	6
5	E	30	0	8	90	6
6	F	28	0	10	84	6
7	G	26	0	12	78	6
8	H	24	0	14	72	6
9	I	22	0	16	66	6
10	J	20	0	18	60	6
11	K	18	0	20	54	6
12	L	16	0	22	48	6
13	M	14	0	24	42	6
14	N	12	0	26	36	6
15	O	10	0	28	30	6
16	P	8	0	30	24	6
17	Q	6	0	32	18	6
18	R	4	0	34	12	6
19	S	2	0	36	6	6
20	T	0	0	38	0	6
						114

Puesto	Club	V	E	D	Puntos	Diferencia
1	A	38	0	0	114
2	B	36	0	2	108	6
3	C	34	0	4	102	6
4	D	32	0	6	96	6
5	E	30	0	8	90	6
6	F	28	0	10	84	6
7	G	26	0	12	78	6
8	H	24	0	14	72	6
9	I	22	0	16	66	6
10	J	20	0	18	60	6
11	K	18	0	20	54	6
12	L	16	0	22	48	6
13	M	14	0	24	42	6
14	N	12	0	26	36	6
15	O	10	0	28	30	6
16	P	8	0	30	24	6
17	Q	6	0	32	18	6
18	R	4	0	34	12	6
19	S	2	0	36	6	6
20	T	0	0	38	0	6
						114