COOPERATION STRATEGIES IN THE INTERNATIONALIZATION PROCESS: A REASSESSMENT OF THE UPPSALA MODEL

ABSTRACT

This article reassesses the Uppsala model nearly fifty years after its formulation by Johanson and Vahlne (1977), showing the effect of cooperation among firms in their internationalization process through a graphical analysis of the internationalization mechanism’s risk formula. This research contributes to the field of international business by extending the explanatory power of the Uppsala model to the scope of international alliances and joint ventures, with practical implications for decision-making between these two modes of cooperation, particularly in terms of the leveraging effects of knowledge and resources, either through contractual agreements or by establishing third-party’s autonomous vehicles to the partnering firms.

Keywords:
Uppsala model; internationalization process; cooperation; alliances; joint-ventures