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Fórum - Redes Sociais e Interorganizacionais • Rev. adm. empres. 46 (3) • Set 2006 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902006000300006   copiar

Renascença da indústria brasileira de filmes: destinos entrelaçados?

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumos

O objetivo é contribuir para a investigação sobre a dinâmica de campos organizacionais a partir de uma abordagem de análise de redes. Para isso, foi reconstruída a rede da indústria brasileira de filmes de 1994 a 2002 e analisados os fatores de previsão da performance individual, explorando sua relação com as características relevantes dos indivíduos. O papel categórico (ator, diretor, produtor) é um dos elementos mais poderosos de previsão da performance individual entre 1994 e 1996. Entretanto, em períodos subseqüentes, outras variáveis estratégicas ganham maior relevância, tais como o reconhecimento individual, a centralidade e a equivalência estrutural. Esses resultados sugerem que, em uma indústria em rede e que se encontra em desenvolvimento, o sucesso coletivo é mais importante que o sucesso individual.

Campo organizacional; análise de redes sociais; redes sociais; neo-institucionalismo; indústria cultural.

This article attempts to contribute to the investigation on field dynamics by offering a social network approach. For this purpose the Brazilian movie industry network was recovered from 1994 through 2002. Individual performances were analyzed by exploring their relations with relevant characteristics. Categorical role (actor, director, producer, among others) is the most powerful predictor of individual performance from 1994 through 1996. However, in the following periods, other strategic variables gain in importance, as individual recognition, centrality and structural equivalence. These findings suggest that in a developing networked industry, collective success is more important than individual success.

Organizational field; social network analysis; social networks; neo-institutionalism; creative industries

FÓRUM

Renascença da indústria brasileira de filmes: destinos entrelaçados?

Charles Kirschbaum

Centro Universitário da FEI

RESUMO

O objetivo é contribuir para a investigação sobre a dinâmica de campos organizacionais a partir de uma abordagem de análise de redes. Para isso, foi reconstruída a rede da indústria brasileira de filmes de 1994 a 2002 e analisados os fatores de previsão da performance individual, explorando sua relação com as características relevantes dos indivíduos. O papel categórico (ator, diretor, produtor) é um dos elementos mais poderosos de previsão da performance individual entre 1994 e 1996. Entretanto, em períodos subseqüentes, outras variáveis estratégicas ganham maior relevância, tais como o reconhecimento individual, a centralidade e a equivalência estrutural. Esses resultados sugerem que, em uma indústria em rede e que se encontra em desenvolvimento, o sucesso coletivo é mais importante que o sucesso individual.

Palavras-chave: Campo organizacional, análise de redes sociais, redes sociais, neo-institucionalismo, indústria cultural.

ABSTRACT

This article attempts to contribute to the investigation on field dynamics by offering a social network approach. For this purpose the Brazilian movie industry network was recovered from 1994 through 2002. Individual performances were analyzed by exploring their relations with relevant characteristics. Categorical role (actor, director, producer, among others) is the most powerful predictor of individual performance from 1994 through 1996. However, in the following periods, other strategic variables gain in importance, as individual recognition, centrality and structural equivalence. These findings suggest that in a developing networked industry, collective success is more important than individual success.

Keywords: Organizational field, social network analysis, social networks, neo-institutionalism, creative industries.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

BECHKY, B. A. Gaffers, Gofers, and Grips: Role-based coordination in temporary organizations. Organization Science, v. 17, n. 1, p.3-21, 2006.

BECKER, H. S. Art Worlds. Berkeley: Univerisity of California Press, 1982.

BORGATTI, S. P. et al. Network Measures of Social Capital. Connections, v. 21, n. 2, p. 36, 1998.

BORGATTI, S. P. et al. Ucinet for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis. Harvard: MA, Analytic Technologies, 2002.

BOURDIEU, P.; WACQUANT, L. J. D. The Purpose of Reflexive Sociology (The Chicago Workshop). In: BOURDIEU, P.; WACQUANT, L. J. D. An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992. p. 61-215.

BOWSER, E. The Transformation of Cinema: 1907-1915. Berkley: University of California Press, 1990.

BURT, R. S. Structural Holes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992.

BURT, R. S. The social capital of structural holes. In: GUILLÉN, M. F.; COLLINS, R.; ENGLAND, P.; MEYER, M. (Eds.). New Directions in Economic Sociology. New York: Russell Sage, 2001. p. 201-247.

BURT, R. S. Structural holes and good ideas. American Journal of Sociology, v. 110, n. 2, p. 349-399, 2004.

BUTCHER, P. Brazil: Revival at risk – motion picture industry – Brief article – Critical essay. UNESCO Courier, 2000.

DIMAGGIO, P. Market structure, the creative Process, and popular culture: toward an organizational reinterpretation of mass-culture theory. Journal of Popular Culture, v. 11, n. 2, p. 436-452, 1977.

DIMAGGIO, P. Structural analysis of organizational fields: a blockmodel approach. In: STAW, B.; CUMMINGS, L. Organizational Behavior, Greenwich: JAI Press, v. 10, 1986. p. 335-370. DIMAGGIO, P. Nadel's paradox revisited: relational and cultural aspects of organizational structures. In: NOHRIA, H.; ECCLES, R. Networks and Organization. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1993.

DIMAGGIO, P. J.; POWELL, W. W. The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality. In: DIMAGGIO, P. J.; POWELL, W. W. The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1983.

EMIRBAYER, M. Manifesto for a relational sociology. American Journal of Sociology, v. 103, n. 2, p. 281-317, 1997.

FREEMAN, L. C. Centrality in social networks: conceptual clarification. Social Networks, v. 1, n. 2, p. 215-239, 1979.

GRANOVETTER, M. S. Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, v. 91, n. 3, p. 481-510, 1985.

HANNAN, M. T.; FREEMAN, J. H. The population ecology of organizations. American Journal of Sociology, v. 82, n. 5, p. 929-964, 1977.

HANNEMAN, R. A. Introduction to Social Network Methods. Riverside: Department of Sociology, UC-Riverside, 2001.

HARGADON, A.; SUTTON, R. I. Technology brokering and innovation in a product development firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, v. 42, n. 4, p. 716-749, 1997.

HIRSCH, P. M. Processing fads and fashions: an organization-set analysis of cultural industry systems. In: GRANOVETTER, M.; SWEDBERG, R. The Sociology of Economic Life Boulder: Westview Press, 1972. p. 287-304.

IMDB site. Disponível em <http://www.imdb.com>. Acessado em 04 dez. 2004.

JONES, C. Signaling Expertise: how signals shape careers in creative industries. In: PEIPERL, M. A.; ARTHUR, M. B.; ANAND, N. Career Creativity: Explorations in the Remaking of Work. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

LAMPEL, J.; SHAMSIE, J. Capabilities in motion: new organizational forms and the reshaping of the Hollywood Movie Industry. Journal of Management Studies, v. 40, n. 8, p. 2189-2210, 2003.

PFEFFER, J.; SALANCIK, G. R. The external control of organizations a resource dependence perspective: with new introduction. Stanford: Ebrary, Inc, 1978.

PORTER, M. E. Competição: estratégias competitivas essenciais. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Campus, 1999.

POWELL, W. W. Neither market nor hierarchy: network forms of organization. Research in Organizational Behavior, v. 12, p. 295-336, 1990.

POWELL, W. W.; SMITH-DOERR, L. Networks and economic life. In: SMELSER, N. J.; SWEDBERG, R. The Handbook of Economic Sociology. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.

POWELL, W. W. et al. Network dynamics and field evolution: the growth of interorganizational Collaboration in the Life Sciences. American Journal of Sociology Forthcoming, v. 110, n. 4, p. 1132-1205, 2003.

RUEF, M. Strong ties, weak ties and islands: structural and cultural predictors of organizational innovation. Ind Corp Change, v. 11, p. 427-449, 2002.

SALANCIK, G. R. WANTED: A good network theory of organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, v. 45, n. 1, p. 1-24, 1995.

SAXENIAN, A.; HSU, J.-Y. The Silicon Valley – Hsinchu Connection: technical communities and industrial upgrading. Industrial and Corporate Change, 2001.

SIMS, A. Estado e cinema no Brasil. São Paulo: Annablume, 1996.

STINCHCOMBE, A. L. Bureucratic and craft administration of production: a comparative study. In: GRANOVETTER, M.; SWEDBERG, R. The Sociology of Economic Life. Cambridge: Westview Press, 2001. p. 273-284.

WASKO, J. Movies and Money: Financing the American Film Industry. Norwood: Ablex Publishing, 1982.

WASSERMAN, S.; FAUST, K. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

WHITE, H. C. Identity and Control. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.

ZUCKERMAN, E. W. et al. Robust identities or nonentities? Typecasting in the feature-film labor market. American Journal of Sociology, v. 108, n. 5, p. 1018–1074, 2003.

Artigo recebido em 26.01.2005.

Aprovado em 27.04.2006.

Charles Kirschbaum

Professor do Centro Universitário da Fundação Educacional Inaciana (FEI). Pós-doutorando no CEBRAP-CEM. Doutor em Administração de Empresas pela FGV-EAESP. Interesses de pesquisa nas áreas de Indústria Cultural, Estratégia Empresarial, Redes Sociais, Neo-institucionalismo e Processos de Internacionalização. E-mail: kircharles@gvmail.br Endereço: Rua Tamandaré, 688, São Paulo – SP, 01525-000.

  • BECHKY, B. A. Gaffers, Gofers, and Grips: Role-based coordination in temporary organizations. Organization Science, v. 17, n. 1, p.3-21, 2006.
  • BECKER, H. S. Art Worlds Berkeley: Univerisity of California Press, 1982.
  • BORGATTI, S. P. et al. Network Measures of Social Capital. Connections, v. 21, n. 2, p. 36, 1998.
  • BORGATTI, S. P. et al Ucinet for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis Harvard: MA, Analytic Technologies, 2002.
  • BOURDIEU, P.; WACQUANT, L. J. D. The Purpose of Reflexive Sociology (The Chicago Workshop). In: BOURDIEU, P.; WACQUANT, L. J. D. An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992. p. 61-215.
  • BOWSER, E. The Transformation of Cinema: 1907-1915 Berkley: University of California Press, 1990.
  • BURT, R. S. Structural Holes Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992.
  • BURT, R. S. The social capital of structural holes. In: GUILLÉN, M. F.; COLLINS, R.; ENGLAND, P.; MEYER, M. (Eds.). New Directions in Economic Sociology New York: Russell Sage, 2001. p. 201-247.
  • BURT, R. S. Structural holes and good ideas. American Journal of Sociology, v. 110, n. 2, p. 349-399, 2004.
  • BUTCHER, P. Brazil: Revival at risk motion picture industry Brief article Critical essay. UNESCO Courier, 2000.
  • DIMAGGIO, P. Market structure, the creative Process, and popular culture: toward an organizational reinterpretation of mass-culture theory. Journal of Popular Culture, v. 11, n. 2, p. 436-452, 1977.
  • DIMAGGIO, P. Structural analysis of organizational fields: a blockmodel approach. In: STAW, B.; CUMMINGS, L. Organizational Behavior, Greenwich: JAI Press, v. 10, 1986. p. 335-370.
  • DIMAGGIO, P. Nadel's paradox revisited: relational and cultural aspects of organizational structures. In: NOHRIA, H.; ECCLES, R. Networks and Organization Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1993.
  • DIMAGGIO, P. J.; POWELL, W. W. The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality. In: DIMAGGIO, P. J.; POWELL, W. W. The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1983.
  • EMIRBAYER, M. Manifesto for a relational sociology. American Journal of Sociology, v. 103, n. 2, p. 281-317, 1997.
  • FREEMAN, L. C. Centrality in social networks: conceptual clarification. Social Networks, v. 1, n. 2, p. 215-239, 1979.
  • GRANOVETTER, M. S. Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, v. 91, n. 3, p. 481-510, 1985.
  • HANNAN, M. T.; FREEMAN, J. H. The population ecology of organizations. American Journal of Sociology, v. 82, n. 5, p. 929-964, 1977.
  • HANNEMAN, R. A. Introduction to Social Network Methods Riverside: Department of Sociology, UC-Riverside, 2001.
  • HARGADON, A.; SUTTON, R. I. Technology brokering and innovation in a product development firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, v. 42, n. 4, p. 716-749, 1997.
  • HIRSCH, P. M. Processing fads and fashions: an organization-set analysis of cultural industry systems. In: GRANOVETTER, M.; SWEDBERG, R. The Sociology of Economic Life Boulder: Westview Press, 1972. p. 287-304.
  • IMDB site. Disponível em <http://www.imdb.com>. Acessado em 04 dez. 2004.
    » link
  • JONES, C. Signaling Expertise: how signals shape careers in creative industries. In: PEIPERL, M. A.; ARTHUR, M. B.; ANAND, N. Career Creativity: Explorations in the Remaking of Work. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • LAMPEL, J.; SHAMSIE, J. Capabilities in motion: new organizational forms and the reshaping of the Hollywood Movie Industry. Journal of Management Studies, v. 40, n. 8, p. 2189-2210, 2003.
  • PFEFFER, J.; SALANCIK, G. R. The external control of organizations a resource dependence perspective: with new introduction Stanford: Ebrary, Inc, 1978.
  • PORTER, M. E. Competição: estratégias competitivas essenciais Rio de Janeiro: Editora Campus, 1999.
  • POWELL, W. W. Neither market nor hierarchy: network forms of organization. Research in Organizational Behavior, v. 12, p. 295-336, 1990.
  • POWELL, W. W.; SMITH-DOERR, L. Networks and economic life. In: SMELSER, N. J.; SWEDBERG, R. The Handbook of Economic Sociology Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.
  • POWELL, W. W. et al Network dynamics and field evolution: the growth of interorganizational Collaboration in the Life Sciences. American Journal of Sociology Forthcoming, v. 110, n. 4, p. 1132-1205, 2003.
  • RUEF, M. Strong ties, weak ties and islands: structural and cultural predictors of organizational innovation. Ind Corp Change, v. 11, p. 427-449, 2002.
  • SALANCIK, G. R. WANTED: A good network theory of organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, v. 45, n. 1, p. 1-24, 1995.
  • SAXENIAN, A.; HSU, J.-Y. The Silicon Valley Hsinchu Connection: technical communities and industrial upgrading. Industrial and Corporate Change, 2001.
  • SIMS, A. Estado e cinema no Brasil São Paulo: Annablume, 1996.
  • STINCHCOMBE, A. L. Bureucratic and craft administration of production: a comparative study. In: GRANOVETTER, M.; SWEDBERG, R. The Sociology of Economic Life. Cambridge: Westview Press, 2001. p. 273-284.
  • WASKO, J. Movies and Money: Financing the American Film Industry. Norwood: Ablex Publishing, 1982.
  • WASSERMAN, S.; FAUST, K. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  • WHITE, H. C. Identity and Control Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.
  • ZUCKERMAN, E. W. et al Robust identities or nonentities? Typecasting in the feature-film labor market. American Journal of Sociology, v. 108, n. 5, p. 10181074, 2003.

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    01 Ago 2011
  • Data do Fascículo
    Set 2006

Histórico

  • Recebido
    26 Jan 2005
  • Aceito
    27 Abr 2006
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